title: Breathing pattern and eye movement density during REM sleep in humans.
abstract: Changes in the density of eye movement during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are associated with changes in ventilation and ventilatory response in animals. Recent data in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suggest that periods of frequent eye movements may be associated with hypoxemia during REM sleep. We have therefore investigated the association between eye movements and ventilation and ventilatory pattern in 10 normal men. Expired ventilation was measured using a pneumotachograph attached to a valved face mask with a dead space of 50 ml and incorporating a peripheral CO2 leak detector. Ventilation was reduced (p less than 0.02) in all stages of sleep compared with that during wakefulness, with no difference between the level of ventilation in each sleep stage (awake, 7.18 +/- 0.43 SEM; Stage 2, 6.47 +/- 0.43; Stage 3/4, 6.45 +/- 0.52; REM sleep, 6.55 +/- 0.47 L/min). During REM sleep, eye movements (EMs) were associated with rapid shallow breathing. Dividing REM into 20-s epochs with or without EMs, EMs were associated with a raised breathing frequency (no EMs, 14.4 +/- 0.4 breaths/min; EMs, 15.8 +/- 0.5 breaths/min; p = 0.01), reduced tidal volume (0.49 +/- 0.03 L; 0.41 +/- 0.03 L; p less than 0.01), and reduced minute ventilation (6.87 +/- 0.45 L; 6.27 +/- 0.51 L; p = 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Rayne Laboratory, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gugger
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molloy
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsara
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005133:Eye Movements; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012119:Respiration; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*