title: Patho-anatomic findings in neck structures in asphyxiation due to hanging: a survey of 80 cases.
abstract: By examining 80 consecutive cases of death due to hanging, fractures of the thyroid cartilage or the hyoid bone or both, were noted in 45%. Fracture of the cricoid cartilage did not occur. No fracture occurred below the age of 25, and the frequency was slightly increasing with increasing age. There was a preponderance of fractures in males. The highest incidence of fractures was noted in typical hangings, while incomplete hanging to a very great extent was combined with congestion to the face, especially if the location of the ligature was atypical. Typical hanging in general did not produce congestion. The lividity in the declivous areas became fixed at the earliest after 5-6 h suspension time, while after 12 h almost all the cases demonstrated fixed lividity in the distal parts, especially in the legs. There is slight indication that the frequency of fractures increases with the length of suspension time.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Forensic Medicine, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simonsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D003718:Denmark; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology; D007817:Laryngeal Cartilages / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D013405:Suicide / Q000453:epidemiology; D013957:Thyroid Cartilage / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology