title: Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy by Danish women and their spouses--a potential source of fetal morbidity.
abstract: The relationship between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behavior during pregnancy was examined in a select group of Danish women and their spouses. Five-hundred consecutive women who had uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered full-term babies were interviewed 3+ days postpartum. Information was collected about smoking and drinking behavior of all household members during pregnancy. We found (1) a high percentage of Danish women (70%) and their spouses (80%) consume alcohol during pregnancy, and (2) a significant correlation between maternal and paternal smoking (r = .25, P .0001) and maternal and paternal drinking (r = .35, P .0001). These data suggest that even though the potential dangers of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy have been well publicized, there is still a high percentage of women who participate in such behaviors. There may also exist an important role for the father in affecting these two behaviors and therefore indirectly affecting fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Krasilnikoff
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berget
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005314:Embryonic and Fetal Development; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*