title: Optimal myocardial protection during crystalloid cardioplegia. Interrelationship between volume and duration of infusion.
abstract: There is often a large difference between volumes of crystalloid cardioplegic solution used clinically (2 to 4 ml/gm myocardium) and experimentally (in rat heart preparations, volumes of 30 ml/gm or more are used). In an attempt to reconcile these differences and define the minimum volume and/or duration of infusion of the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution consistent with maximal myocardial protection, we have used the isolated working rat heart to characterize the relationships between myocardial protection and (1) the duration of cardioplegic infusion and (2) the volume of cardioplegic infusion. Hearts (n = 6 per group, weighing 0.90 +/- 0.06 gm) were subjected to 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, or 300 seconds of cardioplegic infusion (mean infusion volumes = 0, 1.3 +/- 0.1, 2.0 +/- 0.1, 2.8 +/- 0.2, 5.0 +/- 0.1, 8.3 +/- 0.2, 10.5 +/- 0.8, 21.8 +/- 2.1, 22.7 +/- 1.3, 32.3 +/- 2.1, and 39.1 +/- 1.8 ml per heart, respectively) before 30 minutes of normothermic ischemia. They recovered 3.9% +/- 2.3%, 9.7% +/- 5.0%, 22.8% +/- 5.8%, 34.6% +/- 4.6%, 54.7% +/- 6.6%, 64.0% +/- 5.0%, 67.4% +/- 4.0%, 56.6% +/- 11.1%, 60.0% +/- 5.8%, 51.6% +/- 7.0%, and 68.0% +/- 7.8% of their preischemic cardiac output on reperfusion. Creatine kinase leakage, tissue adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content, and other indices of cardiac function supported this observation. To assess volume of infusion rather than duration, we infused hearts (n = 6 per group) with 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 ml of cardioplegic solution over 120 seconds. Although recovery of cardiac output with 2.0 ml (56.2% +/- 6.8%) was not significantly different from that (56.6% +/- 11.1%) observed with large volumes of solution (21.9 +/- 2.1 ml), infusion of 1.5 and 1.0 ml resulted in poor recovery of cardiac output (40.1% +/- 4.6% and 21.8% +/- 3.9%, respectively). To assess duration (with low volumes) rather than volume of infusion, we infused hearts (n = 6 per group) with 2.0 ml of cardioplegic solution over 10, 30, 60, or 120 seconds. Maximal protection was observed with 30, 60, and 120 seconds of infusion (recovery of cardiac output = 56.7% +/- 5.9%, 45.1% +/- 7.9%, and 56.2% +/- 6.8%, respectively). Our results suggest that, for maximum myocardial protection, the St. Thomas' Hospital solution should be infused at a rate of not less than 2.0 ml/gm wet weight of heart and that the duration of infusion should be not less than 30 seconds.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research, Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Braimbridge
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hearse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride