title: Motility of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction during halothane anaesthesia in sheep.
abstract: Electromanometry and electromyography were used to study gastro-oesophageal motility in two planes of halothane anaesthesia in sheep. Gastro-oesophageal motility when present was greater in light than in deep anaesthesia. The caudal thoracic oesophagus contracted more frequently and for longer than the rostral thoracic oesophagus. In light anaesthesia oesophageal movements were peristaltic in direction with a propagation velocity of 26-29 cm sec-1. Rumen pressures increased throughout anaesthesia and the rate of increase was greatest when the plane of anaesthesia was deep at the start. Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) occurred in both planes of anaesthesia and must occur by passive mechanisms during deep anaesthesia because gastro-oesophageal motility was inhibited. A high pressure zone (HPZ) was demonstrated for a length of 2.9 cm at the gastro-oesophageal junction with a balloon-tipped catheter and a 'pull through' technique. Open-tipped catheters could detect the HPZ but were less sensitive. The pressure in the HPZ was not significantly influenced by the depth of anaesthesia used. In 80% of cases of light anaesthesia an increase in HPZ pressure preceeded the contraction of the cranial sac of the rumen. In deep anaesthesia the HPZ continued to have rhythmic changes in tone. Spontaneous GOR coincided with a maximum gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient in 24% of cases. Rumen insufflation with oxygen provoked GOR at a rumen pressure above 33 mmHg compared with 7.2 mmHg during spontaneous reflux. The study demonstrates that a gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient was not primarily responsible for the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia and that the HPZ at the gastro-oesophageal junction of sheep had some of the properties of a lower oesophageal sphincter and played an important role in the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Camburn
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography / Q000662:veterinary; D004943:Esophagogastric Junction / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D006221:Halothane; D008365:Manometry / Q000662:veterinary; D010528:Peristalsis; D011312:Pressure; D012417:Rumen / Q000502:physiology; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D006221:Halothane