title: DNA binding factors for the CpG-rich island containing the promoter of the human X-linked PGK gene.
abstract: The gene coding for the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) is X-linked in mammals and has a G+C-rich 5' region characteristic of several constitutive genes. Despite the fact that PGK-1 is constitutively expressed, it is transcriptionally regulated in female cells by X chromosome inactivation. To study the expression and regulation of the PGK-1 gene, we have analyzed the binding of trans-acting factors to the 5' region of the PGK-1 gene. We detect at least three distinct binding activities that interact in a sequence-specific manner in vitro with at least six different sites in the 5' region. Two of these binding activities generate DNase I-protected footprints centered approximately 360 bp and 130 bp upstream of the transcription start point. We have examined the promoter specificity of the three binding activities in gel mobility-shift assays by competition with cloned promoter fragments of other genes. None of the binding activities interacts exclusively with X-linked promoters. However, one activity binds preferentially to G+C-rich promoters, and another activity appears to bind preferentially to only two of the promoters tested. Previous studies have demonstrated that one HpaII/MspI site, which is included within a footprinted region observed in this study, is fully methylated in the inactive X chromosome and totally unmethylated on the active X chromosome. Competition studies using synthetic oligonucleotides containing 5-methylcytosine at all CpG sites in this region demonstrate that DNA methylation does not significantly alter the affinity between the corresponding binding activity and this binding site.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Singer-Sam
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Riggs
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008745:Methylation; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015183:Restriction Mapping; D014960:X Chromosome
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D004247:DNA; D010735:Phosphoglycerate Kinase; D003850:Deoxyribonuclease I