title: Kinetics and kinematics of the equine hind limb: in vivo tendon strain and joint kinematics.
abstract: Strains of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor tendons in the equine (pony) hind limb were recorded in vivo, using implanted strain gauges consisting of silicone rubber tubes filled with mercury. The relationship between strain gauge signals and tendon strains was obtained from tension-strain tests performed on isolated tendons after death of the ponies. During normal walking, maximal tendon strain (elongation over initial length, relative to the length of the structures at first ground contact) was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 3.4%, 2.3%, and 0.3% in the deep digital flexor, the superficial digital flexor, and the long digital extensor tendons, respectively. Changes (that occurred during walking) in the distance from origin to insertion of these musculotendinous structures were computed from limb geometric configuration and limb conformation. Maximal increase in origin to insertion length was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 2%, 1.6%, and 1.5% in the deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor musculotendinous structures, respectively. The differences in strain, comparing the entire musculotendinous structure and its tendon, were explained by muscular contraction or relaxation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Riemersma
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Bogert
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schamhardt
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hartman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D009068:Movement; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*