title: Antler anomalies in tule elk.
abstract: Antler anomalies were evident in tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) within 1 yr of reintroduction to Point Reyes, California (USA). These anomalies are consistent with previously described mineral deficiency-induced anomalies in cervids. The elk were judged deficient in copper. Low levels of copper in soils and vegetation at the release site, exacerbated by possible protein deficiency due to poor range conditions, are postulated as likely causes of the antler anomalies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forestry and Resource Management, University of California, Berkeley 94720.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gogan
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jessup
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000172:deficiency*; D003670:Deer / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006733:Horns / Q000473:pathology*; D008099:Liver / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D003300:Copper