title: The modified forced-swim test in rats: influence of rope- or straw-suspension on climbing behavior.
abstract: We modified Porsolt's forced-swim test by suspending ropes or straws above the water in order to investigate a possible relationship between immobility and perceived escape responses from water. In this modified test, it was demonstrated clearly that rats reduced their duration of immobility and attempted to climb up the suspended ropes or straws. Most rats which had remained immobile during a 5-min test period in the forced-swim test, exhibited such climbing responses within 5-10 min of rope-suspension. Despite the suspension of ropes, however, some rats showed immobile postures and did not respond to the rope. On the other hand, straws were used in order to produce sliding and prevent climbing when the animals attempted to climb. There were no differences in immobility during either rope- or straw-suspension. It seems that the climbing behavior displayed by forced-swimming rats is due to a "pseudo-escape" effect produced by the suspension of an object above the water. The present findings were interpreted as further evidence for the notion that immobility in forced-swimming rats does not necessarily imply "behavioral despair," but rather an emotional reaction to an inescapable stressor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ida
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004644:Emotions; D004924:Escape Reaction; D006380:Helplessness, Learned / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013550:Swimming