title: Effects of impaired hearing and favorable vs. unfavorable personal feedback on negative emotional reactions.
abstract: Eighty college females listened to one of four taped conversations, which they were led to believe were personality evaluations of themselves. The content of the evaluations varied in feedback, which described either strengths or weaknesses in adjustment, and in form, in that each recording was either completely intelligible or partially unintelligible to simulate normal and impaired hearing, respectively. The emotional reactivity of the subjects was assessed with several psychometric instruments once before and again immediately after they listened to the tapes; the pre/post difference scores reflected the negative emotions elicited by the experimental manipulations. Factorial analyses of variance yielded significant main effects for each variable, hearing and feedback, but no interaction. Anxiety, depression, negative attribution, and paranoid reactions were increased by both impaired hearing and unfavorable feedback, and their adverse effects were independent and additive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb 60115.
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Katkovsky
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hershberger
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005246:Feedback; D006311:Hearing Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D010259:Paranoid Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012649:Self Concept; D012928:Social Desirability