title: Environmental ultrasound in laboratories and animal houses: a possible cause for concern in the welfare and use of laboratory animals.
abstract: Many laboratory animals are known to be sensitive to sounds (ultrasounds) beyond the nominal upper limit (20 kHz) of the human hearing range. Sources of sound in laboratories and animal houses were examined to determine the extent of ambient ultrasound. Of 39 sources monitored, 24 were found to emit ultrasonic sounds. Many of these (e.g. cage washers and hoses) also produced sound in the audible range. Running taps, squeaky chairs and rotating glass stoppers created particularly high sound pressure levels and contained frequencies to over 100 kHz. The oscilloscopes and visual display units investigated provided particular cause for concern as they emitted sounds that were entirely ultrasonic and therefore were apparently silent. Ambient ultrasound therefore appears to be common in laboratories and animal houses. It is suggested that its effect on laboratory animals should be investigated and guidelines on acceptable levels be formulated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, King's College, London, UK.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Milligan
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards*; D007753:Laboratories / Q000592:standards*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects*