title: Surface EMG recordings and pain-related disorders: a diagnostic framework.
abstract: Surface electromyography provides a very valuable set of information when used diagnostically with pain-related disorders. Unfortunately, most researchers and clinicians limit their investigation to only one level of diagnostic information available concerning the neuromuscular system. This article develops and encourages the clinician/researcher to consider three levels of diagnostic information: emotional, organ-related, and postural aspects. The theoretical background and diagnostic procedures used to investigate each is presented. Differential treatment considerations, given differential diagnostic findings, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biofeedback Institute, Seattle, Washington 98104.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cram
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009132:Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D059408:Pain Management; D011187:Posture