title: Sleep and waking states in infancy: normative studies.
abstract: Twelve-hour polygraphic recordings were obtained in 20 normal healthy term infants at 1 week of age, at monthly intervals up to 4 months, and at 6 months of age. Each minute of these recordings was coded into active sleep (AS), quiet sleep (QS), wakefulness (AW), or indeterminate (IN) based on polygraphic and behavioral variables. For each state, a dozen variables were computed with the help of a laboratory computer. Together these variables describe trends in the development of sleep and wakefulness in the laboratory: an increase in QS and a concomitant decrease in AS, an increase in sustained episodes of these states, and continuous sleep onset in AS throughout this time span. Considerable variability appears to characterize immature sleep patterns, but a reduction in variability was noted between 3 and 4 months of age. The number of sustained sleep-state episodes and the percentage of AS and IN proved to be stable characteristics of individual infants. The large variability among and within infants sheds doubt on the usefulness of polygraphic monitoring of sleep states for early detection of abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoppenbrouwers
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodgman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Geidel
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sterman
mesh_terms: D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012016:Reference Values; D012894:Sleep Stages; D014851:Wakefulness