title: Lack of detectable N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-cyclohexylamine in humans after administration of bromhexine.
abstract: The possible formation of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-cyclohexylamine (NMCA) from the drug bromhexine (N-methyl-N-cyclohexyl-(2-amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)-ammonium hydrochloride) and nitrite was investigated in humans using three different approaches: 1. analysis on metabolites of NMCA in human urine; 2. analysis on NMCA in human gastric juice; 3. in vitro incubation of human gastric juice with therapeutic bromhexine doses. Diet given to volunteers was varied during these investigations with respect to nitrate content. Experiments with a maximum load of 200 mg nitrate to stimulate nitrite formation were performed. Results of in vivo experiments did not indicate any formation of NMCA. In one out of 39 ex-vivo/in-vitro experiments (with a load of 100 mg nitrate in drinking water) 0.5 ng NMCA/ml gastric juice could be detected which is near the detection limit. Finally, this study showed that bromhexine is not secreted by saliva. This allows to conclude that nitrite and bromhexine do not reach the stomach simultaneously over a longer period of time. In consequence, medication with bromhexine is not regarded to represent a risk due to nitrosamine formation.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratories, Dr. Karl Thomae GmbH, Biberach an der Riss, Fed. Rep. of Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Daneck
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: F W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Koss
mesh_terms: D001964:Bromhexine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008760:Methylguanidine / Q000652:urine; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000652:urine*; D012463:Saliva / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009602:Nitrosamines; C058573:4-hydroxy-N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-cyclohexylamine; D008760:Methylguanidine; D001964:Bromhexine; C025137:N-nitroso-N-methylcyclohexylamine