title: Naloxone enhances the response to hypercapnia of spinal and cranial respiratory nerves.
abstract: To assess the effects of endogenous opiates on respiratory muscle responses to CO2, naloxone was administered intravenously to paralyzed, vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Neural activity was recorded from the phrenic, hypoglossal (HG), glossopharyngeal (GP) and recurrent laryngeal (RL) nerves. Before naloxone, phasic activity began first in the phrenic at a PETCO2 of 30.0 +/- 1.8 Torr, followed by the RL at a PETCO2 of 33.5 +/- 1.7 Torr, the HG at a PETCO2 of 39.9 +/- 2.1 Torr and the GP at a PETCO2 of 42.5 +/- 2.2 Torr during CO2 rebreathing. Naloxone had no significant effect on the apneic threshold of any of the nerves studied. Naloxone did, however, increase respiratory frequency (P less than 0.01) mainly by causing a significant (P less than 0.01) shortening of TE as it had no significant effect on TI. Naloxone also significantly increased the rate at which peak nerve activity increased with CO2 in the HG (P less than 0.01) and the GP (P less than 0.01) nerves, but not in the phrenic and RL nerves. Instead, the maximum activity produced by hypercapnia and the PETCO2 level at which maximum activity occurred in the phrenic, but not the RL, increased after naloxone. The result of these effects was that naloxone extended the range over which the HG and GP behaved proportionally with the phrenic, but it did not change the curvilinear nature of these relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Overholt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Lunteren
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Prabhakar
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Cherniack
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012009:Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects*; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation*; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D009270:Naloxone