title: Design, synthesis, and fluorescence studies of fluorenyl fatty acids as new depth-dependent fluorescent probes for membranes: getting over the looping-back problem.
abstract: Fluorescent fatty acids have proved very useful in studying the membrane hydrophobic core. They readily partition into membranes or can be converted to phospholipids, which form integral components of membranes. By attaching the fluorescent chromophore to different positions along the alkyl chain of fatty acids, e.g., an anthroyloxy group attached via an ester linkage to n-hydroxystearic acid, membranes have been probed at different depths. While this is an interesting approach and has been extensively used, relatively little attention has been paid to the molecular design of these probes in order to have minimal membrane perturbation. In the present study we have looked into the general problem of design of such depth-dependent membrane probes. We report here a series of fluorenyl fatty acids with varying fatty acid chain lengths, i.e., (2-fluorenyl)acetic acid, -butyric acid, -hexanoic acid, and -octanoic acid, in order to obtain information at different depths in the membrane hydrophobic core. To see the effect of attachment of a hydrophobic tail on the orientation of such fatty acids in membranes, an n-butyl group was linked to the C-7 position of fluorene in (2-fluorenyl)butyric acid to get 4-(7-n-butylfluoren-2-yl)butyric acid. Further, to assess their ability to act as depth-dependent fluorescent probes, these fatty acids were incorporated in vesicles prepared from egg phosphatidylcholine, and their fluorescence quenching was studied with potassium iodide, Cu(II), 9,10-dibromostearic acid, and 12-bromostearic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lala
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koppaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005449:Fluorenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D005454:Fluorescence Polarization; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008081:Liposomes; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005449:Fluorenes; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008081:Liposomes