title: The relation of diet, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption to plasma beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol levels.
abstract: The relation of diet and nutritional supplements, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, and blood lipids to plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol was studied among 330 men and women aged 18-79 years. Dietary carotene, preformed vitamin A, and vitamin E intake were estimated by a self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The correlation of dietary carotene with plasma beta-carotene was reduced in smokers compared with nonsmokers (r = 0.02 vs. 0.44 among men; r = 0.19 vs. 0.45 among women). Smokers had much lower plasma levels of beta-carotene than did nonsmokers (geometric mean 8.5 vs. 15.3 micrograms/dl for men; 17.3 vs. 26.3 micrograms/dl for women) despite only slightly lower intakes of carotenoids. In multiple regression analyses, men who smoked one pack per day had 72% (95% confidence interval (CI) 58-89) of the plasma beta-carotene levels of nonsmokers after accounting for dietary carotene and other variables; for women, the corresponding percentage was 79% (CI 64-99). In similar models, men drinking 20 g of alcohol per day had 76% (CI 65-88) of the beta-carotene levels of nondrinkers; women had 89% (CI 73-108) of the levels of nondrinkers. An interaction term for carotene intake and smoking was statistically significant in a model combining both sexes. These results suggest that plasma levels of beta-carotene among smokers and, perhaps, heavy consumers of alcohol may be reduced substantially below levels due to differences in diet. The correlation of calorie-adjusted intake of vitamin E with lipid-adjusted plasma levels of vitamin alpha-tocopherol was 0.53 for men (n = 137) and 0.51 for women (n = 193) and did not differ by alcohol consumption and cigarette use; these correlations were largely accounted for by use of vitamin supplements. In linear regression models, vitamin E intake and plasma lipids were significant predictors of plasma alpha-tocopherol levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Stryker
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stampfer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sober
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Willett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D019207:beta Carotene
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene