title: Communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints in horses.
abstract: To study communications and boundaries of the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints of the horse, 50 forelimbs were obtained from fresh cadaver specimens. Blue latex solution (20 +/- 2.5 ml) was injected into the middle carpal joint, and the specimens were frozen in extension. Frozen specimens were cut into 1-cm sagittal sections from the middle of the radius to the middle of the metacarpus. The communications between the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints and the presence, length, and position of the distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were recorded. The middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints always communicated between os carpale III (C3) and os carpale IV (C4). An additional communication between the joints existed in 17 (34%) of the specimens, 10 on the palmar aspect of C4, and 3 on the palmar aspect of os carpale II (C2). When os carpale I (C1) was present (n = 5), communication between C1 and C2 was observed in 4 of the 5 specimens. In all specimens, medial and lateral distopalmar outpouchings of the carpometacarpal joint were observed and were located between the axial surface of os metacarpale II (MC2) and os metacarpale IV (MC4) and the abaxial surface of the suspensory ligament. There was no significant difference between the lengths of the lateral (2.3 +/- 0.54 cm) or medial (2.6 +/- 0.75 cm) distopalmar outpouchings. Small extensions from the distopalmar outpouchings were seen and extended axially into the fibers of the suspensory ligament or between the suspensory ligament and the distal accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square 19348.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Orsini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002350:Carpus, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006736:Horses / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007840:Latex; D008663:Metacarpus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
chemical_list: D007840:Latex