title: Determination of cotinine in urine using glass capillary gas chromatography and selective detection, with special reference to the biological monitoring of passive smoking.
abstract: A capillary gas chromatographic (GC) method using selected-ion monitoring (SIM) was developed for the analysis of cotinine (C.A.S. No. 486-56-6) in human urine. The method is based on basic extraction of cotinine from 2 ml of urine into dichloromethane. After evaporation of the dichloromethane solution to dryness, 100 microliters of toluene were added, prior to GC-mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Trideuterated cotinine (C.A.S. No. 97664-65-8) was used as the internal standard. More than 1000 automatic chromatographic analyses were made without column degradation. Molecular ions (M) of cotinine and trideuterated cotinine, (m/e = 176 and 179), were monitored in the electron impact (EI) mode and m/e = 177 (M + 1) and m/e = 180 (M + 1) in the chemical ionization (CI) mode with isobutane. The correlation coefficient with SIM and EI was 0.998 (5-20 ng/ml) and with CI was (0.2-2 ng/ml). For thermionic specific detection the correlation coefficient was 0.998 (10-510 ng/ml). Only capillary columns with an apolar bonded stationary phase film thickness of 1 micron showed sufficient inertness for cotinine analysis at the sub ng/ml level. The relative standard deviations for 5 and 20 ng/ml were 5.2 and 3.5% respectively (n = 12) using EI. Spiked urine samples from six non-smokers (5 ng/ml) showed a relative standard deviation of 5%. The overall recovery (25 ng/ml) was 100 +/- 4%. The minimum detectable concentration, using SIM, was ca. 2 ng/ml in the EI mode and ca. 0.2 ng/ml in the CI mode. The half-time for cotinine was ca. 18 h for both active smokers and non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Skarping
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Willers
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalene
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000652:urine*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine