title: Modulation of cone horizontal cell activity in the teleost fish retina. I. Effects of prolonged darkness and background illumination on light responsiveness.
abstract: The effects of prolonged (greater than 2 hr) darkness and background illumination on the light responsiveness of cone horizontal cells were examined in isolated, superfused white perch retinas. In retinas from fish maintained in complete darkness for more than 2 hr, cone horizontal cells had a resting membrane potential of about -18 mV, and they generated only slow, low-amplitude (3-4 mV) responses even when stimulated with bright flashes. Following the presentation of dim background light, the cone horizontal cells slowly hyperpolarized and thereafter remained at a more hyperpolarized level (about -25 mV). Concurrently, their light responses were dramatically enhanced in size, and response amplitudes to bright flashes eventually increased to about 50 mV. This was accompanied by noticeable changes in response waveforms; following light exposure, the responses became faster and showed initial on-transients. The increase in cone horizontal cell responsiveness was graded with intensity of the background light. A similar enhancement in response amplitudes of cone horizontal cells occurred after presenting bright flashes repetitively at intervals of 9 sec. This background sensitization phenomenon was observed in both L- and C-type cone horizontal cells. When light-sensitized isolated retinas were maintained in darkness for long periods (greater than 30 min), the light responsiveness of cone horizontal cells gradually decreased. The changes in membrane potential and response waveform were opposite to those that occurred when prolonged dark-adapted retinas were exposed to background lights; the cells depolarized by 5-7 mV and light-evoked responses became slower. Effects of background illumination on rod-driven horizontal cells were examined as well. Rod horizontal cells were about 2 log units more sensitive to white light than were cone horizontal cells. When recorded in prolonged dark-adapted retinas, rod horizontal cells showed large responses (approximately 50 mV), which could not be further enhanced by background illumination. Cone horizontal cell responsiveness in the carp retina was also depressed by prolonged darkness and increased by illumination in a fashion similar to that observed in the white perch retina. The change in response amplitude was only about 2-fold in carp compared with 5- to 10-fold changes observed in white perch. These results indicate that the light responsiveness of cone horizontal cells in the teleost retina is suppressed in prolonged darkness and that background lights release the cells from suppression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tornqvist
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dowling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000502:physiology*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000502:physiology*; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D003624:Darkness; D008027:Light; D010471:Perches / Q000502:physiology*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors