title: Obstetric pain medication and eventual adult amphetamine addiction in offspring.
abstract: Our purpose was to investigate whether obstetric analgesia, particularly by nitrous oxide, constitutes a risk that the infant might develop amphetamine addiction in later life. Of 200 current amphetamine addicts born between 1945 and 1966 in Stockholm, proportionately more were born at hospitals where pain medication had been administered in large doses (p less than 0.05). A blind matched comparison was made between 73 addicts and 109 non-addicted siblings by logistic regression, in which nitrous oxide administration was tested in competition with 12 other natal variables as possible confounders. The risk for amphetamine drug addiction in offspring was found to increase with duration of intermittent administration of pure nitrous oxide, i.e. it was estimated to be 5.6 times greater (95% confidence intervals 1.6-16.9, p = 0.005) when nitrous oxide had been given for greater than or equal to 4.5 h vis-à-vis less than or equal to 0.25 h. Calculated risks are probably underestimates. Results can be explained as an effect of imprinting. It is concluded that local or regional anesthesia are preferable to general anesthesia which allows substantial amounts of drugs to cross the placenta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bygdeman
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rydberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide