title: Application site dependent ocular absorption of timolol.
abstract: Ocular absorption of timolol in rabbits was studied after topical ocular administration of 3H-timolol in an eyedrop or in silicone cylindrical devices that released timolol at 7.2 micrograms/h. The devices were applied in either the inferior or superior conjunctival sac. Timolol concentrations were nearly equal in the inferior and superior portions of ocular tissues when the drug was administered in an eyedrop. Administration in the devices resulted in unequal timolol distribution in the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and iris-ciliary body. Timolol concentrations were higher in the part of each tissue that was closer to the site of the device application. Unequal concentrations of timolol in the superior and inferior part of the eye and very low timolol concentrations in the aqueous humor indicated that timolol was absorbed mainly via a noncorneal route from the device placed in the inferior conjunctival sac. Induced blinking at one minute intervals did not change ocular absorption of timolol. Compared with inferior conjunctival sac applications, placement of the devices in the superior conjunctival sac resulted in increased corneal and total ocular absorption of timolol as indicated by higher timolol concentrations in the aqueous humor and by a smaller difference between concentrations in the superior and inferior portions of the examined tissues. The application site dependent ocular absorption indicated that controlled release of timolol in the tear fluid did not result in a uniform timolol distribution in the preocular tear fluid of rabbit eyes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urtti
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sendo
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pipkin
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rork
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Repta
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000378:metabolism; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000378:metabolism; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D005123:Eye / Q000378:metabolism*; D007498:Iris / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D012590:Sclera / Q000378:metabolism; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D013999:Timolol