title: Plasmid profiles as indicators of the source of contamination of Staphylococcus aureus endemic within poultry processing plants.
abstract: A total of 530 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the defeathering machinery of a chicken processing plant and from neck skin samples of carcasses at different stages of processing in two visits 4 weeks apart. Eleven different plasmid profiles were detected in the isolates, eight being common to both visits. The plasmid profiles of the strains forming the majority of the population on the freshly slaughtered birds were rarely present in the strains isolated from the pluckers (except at the entry to the first plucker) and were present in only a small proportion of the strains isolated from carcasses after plucking. However, the profiles from the strains isolated from the pluckers on both visits were different from those forming the majority of the population on the incoming birds but formed the major part of the carcass flora after plucking, suggesting that such strains were endemic. These strains were found as a small proportion of the isolates made from the incoming birds, suggesting that this was the route by which the endemic strains were introduced into the plant. Such endemic strains exhibited a clumping growth, even in liquid shake culture, which may have made it easier for them to become established on the pluckers and to resist cleaning and disinfection. This clumping phenotype was correlated with the presence of a 7.5-megadalton plasmid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Chaffey
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Waites
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005241:Feathers / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination; D005525:Food-Processing Industry; D008460:Meat; D010405:Penicillinase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010957:Plasmids; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D010405:Penicillinase