title: Regulation of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin and IL-1 secretion in human mononuclear phagocytes.
abstract: To determine whether the production and secretion of TNF and IL-1 by human mononuclear phagocytes could be independently modulated, we examined secretion of TNF and IL-1 by fresh monocytes and monocytes pretreated with IFN-gamma or granulocyte macrophage CSF before LPS stimulation. TNF and IL-1 secretion were in part differentially modulated. Fresh monocytes secreted large amounts of TNF and IL-1 after LPS stimulation and less than 6% as much without LPS. The capacity to secrete TNF in response to LPS decreased slightly in cultured monocytes but was markedly augmented by IFN-gamma (approximately five-fold more than fresh monocytes). In contrast, cultured monocytes secreted less than 5% as much IL-1 as fresh monocytes and, although augmented by IFN-gamma, IL-1 secretion remained much less than by fresh monocytes. These differences in modulation were reflected by differences in the molecular mechanisms regulating TNF and IL-1 secretion. TNF secretion was regulated primarily by changes in the duration of increased transcription and by an apparent increase in translation or protein stability in response to LPS; greater than 95% TNF produced was secreted under all conditions. In contrast, the changes in IL-1 secretion reflected primarily post-transcriptional regulation of IL1-alpha mRNA, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of IL-1 beta mRNA and a decrease in the fraction of IL-1 secreted by cultured compared with fresh monocytes (10 and 60%, respectively). Changes in translational efficiency or protein processing or stability appeared not to be important mechanisms regulating IL-1 secretion. Additional evidence that TNF and IL-1 can be differentially modulated was the selective decrease in TNF secretion and the failure of IFN-gamma to enhance TNF secretion by cultured monocytes from neonates, whereas results for IL-1 were similar with adult and neonatal monocytes. Results with tissue macrophages were similar to those with cultured monocytes. These results indicate that TNF and IL-1 production and secretion by mononuclear phagocytes can be differentially modulated, reflecting in part different mechanisms of regulation; this may allow them to play partially independent roles in the host immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Burchett
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Westall
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kronheim
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D008222:Lymphokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D008222:Lymphokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha