title: The use and misuse of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how appropriately physicians in 1981 did upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a randomly selected, community-based sample of Medicare patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a comprehensive and clinically detailed list of 1069 indications for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. A national panel of nine clinicians rated the appropriateness of the indications. We categorized the indications as appropriate, inappropriate, or equivocal. We did a clinically detailed medical record review of a random sample of 1585 patients having upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to assess the appropriateness of using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were sampled from large geographic areas in three states. Two areas represented high use, and one area, low use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random sample of patients 65 years of age or older receiving diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  None; the study was retrospective.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient characteristics, histories, and clinical indications for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were similar across low- and high-use areas. Overall, 72% of the endoscopies were done for appropriate indications, 11% for equivocal indications, and 17% for inappropriate indications. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (26%), follow-up to an abnormal upper gastrointestinal series (21%), dysphagia (18%), and dyspepsia (15%) were the most frequent clinical reasons for doing endoscopy. Inpatient endoscopies were more often appropriate and less often inappropriate than outpatient endoscopies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This analysis of practice patterns among study sites provides the clinical basis for understanding the use of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The finding of 17% inappropriate use may be cause for concern.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kosecoff
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chassin
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006300:Health Services Misuse; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014481:United States