title: Drug input rate from the GI-tract. Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the bioavailability of slow release verapamil and nifedipine.
abstract: We present evidence, from studies with slow release verapamil and nifedipine, for Michaelis-Menten metabolism during first pass through the liver. Drug input rate from the GI-tract after an oral dose appears to be a determinant of bioavailability. Highest oral bioavailabilities are observed with standard release formulations at high dosage. The bioavailability of slow release formulations with a zero order release kinetic is lower than standard release formulations and related to the dissolution rate in vitro. In addition, (a) the presence of non-linear absorption kinetics offers a further explanation for the considerable inter-patient variability in AUC since the ability of drug to cross the liver is a function of the concentrations attained in portal blood which will be dependent on dissolution conditions prevailing in the GI-tract, (b) depending on the choice of the dose and dosage interval of the conventional release formulation used for comparison and as a consequence of Michaelis-Menten first pass metabolism it is possible to obtain relative bioavailability data showing superiority, equivalence or bioavailability loss with the slow release form. This may explain the discrepancies in bioavailability data for slow release drugs reported in the literature, (c) 'true' estimates of relative bioavailability of a slow release formulation can only be achieved if steady state conditions are present, and the dose and dosage interval of the slow and conventional release formulation are the same, (d) since a slower dissolution rate is 'ipso facto' associated with a lower bioavailability, slow release formulations of verapamil and nifedipine cannot be classified as being 'inferior' or of poorer quality on the basis of bioavailability alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinic Frankfurt, F.R.G.
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Woodcock
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köhne
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rietbrock
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007700:Kinetics; D008433:Mathematics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011433:Propranolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014700:Verapamil / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011433:Propranolol; D014700:Verapamil; D009543:Nifedipine