title: Epidemiology of human exposure to ultrasound: a critical review.
abstract: Epidemiologic studies and surveys and widespread clinical usage over 25 years have yielded no evidence of any adverse effect from diagnostic ultrasound. Nonetheless, the inability to find convincing proof of an effect, either from epidemiology or from physicians' experience, does not preclude the possibility of it happening. Statistical reasoning shows that even with large population studies, it is difficult to identify a small increase in the rate of a commonly occurring event. Subtle effects, long-term delayed effects, and certain genetic effects, could easily escape detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, PA 19140.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ziskin
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Petitti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects*