title: Female independence in Portugal: effect on suicide rates.
abstract: The greater incidence of suicide among males could be ascribed to the distinct roles still attributed to each sex. Progress towards female independence could reduce this different incidence. We analysed the following in Portugal: male and female suicide rates; profiles; and male/female suicide ratio before (1955-1969) and after the development of a movement for women's independence (1970-85). Concomitant with progress towards female independence there is a significant rise in female suicide and a decrease in male/female suicide ratio. The highest rates are among professional/technical women living in urban areas. In professional groups there is significant correlation between deaths caused by suicide and by liver cirrhosis. It is concluded that alcoholism often leads to suicide; in women, taboos about alcoholism and suicide explain a higher incidence of suicide among culturally freer professional groups; female independence will catalyse a rise in alcoholism, which together with other factors resulting from that independence will lead to a predictable increase of suicide among Portuguese women and a reduced difference in rates of suicide between the sexes.
authors.affiliation: Miguel Bombarda Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007062:Identification, Psychological; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations; D011174:Portugal; D012307:Risk Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology