title: Randomized, prospective, double-blind clinical trial of butorphanol and diazepam in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
abstract: Premedication that provides sedation and analgesia is commonly used for patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. We studied the efficacy and safety of butorphanol and diazepam as preprocedure medications for patients having upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. To achieve an adequate level of sedation, patients receiving diazepam required a mean (+/- SEM) dose of 12.0 +/- 1.0 mg, whereas those receiving butorphanol required a mean dose of 4.8 +/- 0.4 mg. There were no differences between treatment groups in the overall assessment of sedation, the ease of performance of the endoscopic procedure, or vital signs during or following the procedure. Fifty-four percent of butorphanol patients and 48% of diazepam patients experienced at least one minor adverse event. Butorphanol in small doses can produce satisfactory sedation and analgesia for patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, Ohio.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009019:Morphinans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011292:Premedication; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D009019:Morphinans; D003975:Diazepam; D002077:Butorphanol