title: Value of the yolk sac in evaluating early pregnancies.
abstract: To determine the potential value in identifying a yolk sac in women with suspected ectopic pregnancies, 211 consecutive women who were referred to pelvic sonography with this clinical indication were prospectively studied. Of the 211 patients examined, 104 proved to have a normal intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), 59 had an abnormal (nonviable) IUP, and 48 had a surgically-proven ectopic pregnancy. Considering only intrauterine "sacs" that lacked a visible embryo, a yolk sack was identified in 16 of 26 (62%) normal IUPs, and 3 of 19 (16%) abnormal IUPs, but was not seen in any of six pseudo-gestational sacs in women with ectopic pregnancies. In comparison, a double decidual sac (DDS) finding was thought to be present in 24 of 26 (92%) normal gestational sacs, 12 of 19 (63%) abnormal gestational sacs, and 2 of 6 (33%) pseudogestational sacs. We conclude that in women in whom a living embryo is not identified, demonstration of a yolk sac is reliable evidence for early IUP, and virtually excludes the possibility of an ectopic gestation. Although a yolk sac is less frequently observed than a DDS finding, it is also more specific evidence for an IUP. Careful attention to the yolk sac should permit earlier, more reliable diagnoses of IUP than previously possible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Washington Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods*; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015017:Yolk Sac / Q000033:anatomy & histology*