title: Defective estrogen receptors in human mammary cancers: their significance in defining hormone dependence.
abstract: Neither estrogen dependence nor clinical response to hormone therapy of the tumor is guaranteed by the mere presence of receptors for estrogens (ERs) or progesterones (PRs). Immunohistochemical staining of ER with polyclonal anti-ER antibodies after in vitro transformation has enabled the identification of two types of defective ER among human breast cancers: those that are unable to bind to the nucleus in a hormone-filled state and those that bind to the nucleus as naked ER. Preliminary clinical correlation studies demonstrate that a subclassification of ER(+) tumors based on functional abnormalities of ER may predict refractoriness to hormone therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raam
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tamura
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008982:Molybdenum; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D011786:Quality Control; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D008982:Molybdenum; C024687:sodium molybdate(VI)