title: Venous air embolism during a craniofacial procedure.
abstract: The possibility of venous air embolism exists whenever the craniofacial operative field is above the level of the heart. Craniotomy with the high-torque craniotome is hypothesized to have produced venous air embolism in the patient described in this report. The diagnosis of venous air embolism is determined by transesophageal Doppler probe, transesophageal echocardiogram or external echocardiogram, and end-tidal N2 and CO2 determinations. Treatment includes control of the air entry sites, aspiration of air from the right atrium via a catheter placed prior to operation, and discontinuing nitrous oxide. If these measures are unsuccessful, the operative field should be transposed below heart level and the procedure terminated. In the event of significant hemodynamic compromise, closed cardiac massage should be tried; if that fails, open cardiac massage and direct aspiration are necessary. The true incidence of venous air embolism in craniofacial operations may be much higher than previously suspected. We therefore recommend placement of appropriate monitoring equipment to detect intracardiac air in those major craniofacial procedures in which there is a potential for intravascular air ingress.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mulliken
mesh_terms: D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery*; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery*; D014680:Veins