title: Embryopathic risks of cigarette smoking.
abstract: Cigarette smoking has been associated with infertility, a higher frequency of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine growth retardation and an increased incidence of birth defects. Nicotine is the major pharmacological component of cigarette smoke. Its potential reproductive and teratological risks are critically reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Persaud
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000209:etiology; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine