title: Use of oral contraceptives in women of older reproductive age.
abstract: Evidence of increased risk for cardiovascular disease in oral contraceptive users of older reproductive age is based on early data involving formulations containing higher doses of estrogen and progestin than those in use today. In addition, early studies included patients who would not receive oral contraceptives with today's more stringent prescribing criteria. When these data were carefully analyzed, a significant increase in myocardial infarction was noted only in oral contraceptive users with concomitant risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Analysis of other studies also showed a significant increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality only in oral contraceptive users older than age 35 years who smoked. A recent long-term cohort study of women without risk factors for cardiovascular disease who mainly used oral contraceptives containing less than or equal to 50 micrograms estrogen showed no increased risk of myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident with oral contraceptive use. Use of oral contraceptives containing less than 50 micrograms estrogen has not been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in healthy, nonsmoking women 35 to 45 years of age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mishell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D004967:Estrogens