title: Organ-specific autoimmunity and HLA-DR antigens as markers for beta-cell destruction in patients with type II diabetes.
abstract: Islet cell antibodies (ICAs), thyrogastric antibodies, and HLA-DR antigens were determined in 204 patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes controlled with diet and/or oral hypoglycemic agents (NIR) and in 108 age-matched patients who required insulin to control their hyperglycemia (IR). beta-Cell function measured as C-peptide response to glucagon was evaluated in relation to the presence of ICAs and HLA-DR antigens. The IR patients differed from the NIR patients with respect to higher frequency of ICAs (P less than .001), thyroid antibodies (P less than .02), and the HLA antigen DR4 (P less than .02). The highest frequency of ICAs and thyroid antibodies was observed in female insulin-treated subjects (51.2 and 46.4%). Patients who were heterozygous for HLA-DR3/DR4 showed significantly higher frequency of ICAs (P less than .01) and complement-fixing ICAs (P less than .001) than patients without the heterozygous form DR3/DR4. Neither the presence of ICA alone nor DR3/DR4 alone was associated with a significant impairment of beta-cell function. However, when both ICA and DR3/DR4 were present in a diabetic individual, beta-cell function was markedly impaired (P less than .001), suggesting that both genetic and autoimmune factors are necessary to facilitate the process leading to beta-cell destruction of the patients. Our findings suggest that type II diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder including at least two major subgroups, which can be further characterized by HLA-DR antigens and organ-specific antibodies.
authors.affiliation: Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: P H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meri
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koskimies
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Bottazzo
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000032:analysis; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon; D006681:HLA-D Antigens / Q000032:analysis*; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015803:HLA-DR3 Antigen; D015804:HLA-DR4 Antigen; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010295:Parietal Cells, Gastric / Q000276:immunology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D002096:C-Peptide; D006681:HLA-D Antigens; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D015803:HLA-DR3 Antigen; D015804:HLA-DR4 Antigen; D007328:Insulin; D005934:Glucagon