title: Two and four mg nicotine chewing gum and group counselling in smoking cessation: an open, randomized, controlled trial with a 22 month follow-up.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine any dose response effect of 2 and 4 mg nicotine gum (Nicorette) as well as the effect of the treatment in relation to a control group. One hundred seventy-two cigarette smokers were randomly allocated to group counselling and 2 mg- (n = 62) or 4 mg- (n = 54) nicotine chewing gum or to an "advice only" control group (n = 56). Six group meetings in a three month period were guided by physicians in groups of 10-12 members. The 4 mg gum was replaced by 2 mg after 4 weeks. The overall chemical verified success rate was significantly higher for the treatment group compared with the control group. The success rate for the gum group was 45.6% after three months versus 7.1% for the control group, 33.3% versus 3.7% after 12 months, and 27.2% versus 5.7% after 22 months, respectively (p less than 0.001). We could not demonstrate any significant dose response effect of 2 and 4 mg nicotine gum. The low dependent smokers had the best outcome. The subgroup of self-reported chronic bronchitis subjects had a significantly lower success rate than their healthy counterparts (p less than 0.002). Neither the p-nicotine level after smoking or chewing gum nor the difference between these two could predict the outcome. The gum p-nicotine after a week was only 37.1% for 2 mg and 64.3% for 4 mg of the corresponding smoking p-nicotine levels. Nicotine compensation was best for the high dependent smokers.
authors.affiliation: Lyngby Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fryd
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Helsted
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gunnersen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forchammer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stockner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002638:Chewing Gum; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D012944:Social Support
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D009538:Nicotine