title: Venous invasion in renal cell carcinoma: a correlative clinical and radiologic study.
abstract: Angiography, cavography, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to explore venous tumor invasion in 86 patients with renal cell carcinoma. The findings confirm previous experience that ultrasound and dynamic CT are reliable methods for the evaluation of venous invasion. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging does not improve tumor staging. In case of equivocal findings, vena cavography should be used as a complementary examination.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Hietala
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ekelund
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ljungberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology