title: The effects of cold upon bone growth: a preliminary study.
abstract: The effects of various degrees of cold injury upon bone growth were experimentally studied. Young rabbits' feet, rendered ischemic by the application of a tourniquet, were cooled down by immersion in either an ice bath at 0 degrees C or an alcohol bath at -20 degrees C. The bone injuries were assessed clinically, radiologically, and histologically. Prolonged exposures to low temperatures above freezing do not cause any bone damage. Brief exposures to temperatures between -20 degrees C and -15 degrees C affect bone growth by inducing premature arrest of the epiphyseal plate, destruction of the epiphysis, and reactive-endosteal and periosteal bone formation. These effects lead to a statistically significant shortening and widening of the affected bones, which can be demonstrated radiologically. Low temperatures have a primary direct lethal effect upon the highly sensitive chondrocytes of the epiphyseal growth plate. Bone damage is independent of associated soft-tissue injuries and not linked to frostbite of the extremity or to solidification of tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bierens de Haan
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porat
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyska
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teitelbaum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005528:Foot / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005627:Frostbite / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000473:pathology; D007511:Ischemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011859:Radiography