title: Development of improved defined media for Clostridium botulinum serotypes A, B, and E.
abstract: The minimal nutritional growth requirements were determined for strains Okra B and Iwanai E, which are representatives of groups I and II, respectively, of Clostridium botulinum. These type B and E strains differed considerably in their nutrient requirements. The organic growth factors required in high concentrations by the Okra B strain (group I) were arginine and phenylalanine. Low concentrations (less than or equal to 0.1 g/liter) of eight amino acids (methionine, leucine, valine, isoleucine, glycine, histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) and of five vitamins (pyridoxamine, p-aminobenzoic acid, biotin, nicotinic acid, and thiamine) were also essential for biosynthesis. The 10 required amino acids could be replaced by intact protein of known composition by virtue of the bacterium's ability to synthesize proteases. Glucose or other carbohydrates were not essential for Okra B, although they did stimulate growth. Quantitatively, the most essential nutrients for Okra B were arginine and phenylalanine. In contrast, the nonproteolytic strain, Iwanai E (group II), did not require either arginine or phenylalanine. It required glucose or another carbohydrate energy source for growth and did not utilize arginine or intact protein as a substitute source of energy. Iwanai E utilized ammonia as a nitrogen source, although growth was stimulated significantly by organic nitrogenous nutrients, especially glutamate and asparagine. Iwanai E also required biosynthesis levels of seven amino acids (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine, and serine), adenine, and six vitamins (biotin, thiamine, pyridoxamine, folic acid, choline, and nicotinamide). Calcium pantothenate also stimulated growth. On the basis of the nutritional requirements, chemically defined minimal media have been constructed for C. botulinum serotypes A, B, E, and F (proteolytic).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Whitmer
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media; D051379:Mice; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000378:metabolism; D012703:Serotyping; D014815:Vitamins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D009498:Neurotoxins; D014815:Vitamins; D010649:Phenylalanine; D001120:Arginine