title: Alcohol as a risk factor for drownings: a review of the literature (1950-1985).
abstract: We identified 36 English language studies (1950-1985) on alcohol and drownings. The majority of these were descriptive, reporting on the percent of drowning victims positive for alcohol upon autopsy. Most studies fell into one of three categories: Type A--complete ascertainment, duration of submergence specified; Type B--complete ascertainment, duration of submergence unspecified; Type C--partial ascertainment. Among Type A studies, percent of positives for alcohol ranged from 29% to 47%. Among Type B studies, percents ranged from 15% to 69%. Among Type C studies, percents ranged from 18% to 86%. We conclude that (1) between 25% and 50% of adult drowning victims have been exposed to alcohol and that (2) without data on the frequency of alcohol consumption among non-victims engaged in aquatic activities, the causal role of alcohol in drownings is uncertain. Suggestions for further research are offered.
authors.affiliation: Social and Behavioral Sciences Section, School of Public Health, Boston University, MA 02118.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howland
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hingson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000150:complications*; D004332:Drowning / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors