Use of animals in experimental research: a scientist's perspective.
The present article was written as an attempt to understand the position of animal rights groups, to stimulate scientists to define their own positions, and to encourage scientists to interpret their use of animals to the rest of society. The article attempts to generate a statement of practices that might be useful in experiments that utilize animals in research. The statement is an extension of the three R's originally proposed by Russell and Burch (W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch [1959]: Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas) into four R's: refinement, reduction, replacement, and review.
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Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston 77030.
D035661:Animal Care Committees; D032761:Animal Experimentation; D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000266:history; D000818:Animals; D028663:Ethical Theory; D026822:Ethicists; D035082:Federal Government; D033161:Government Regulation; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D040821:Human Characteristics; D007878:Legislation as Topic; D028681:Moral Obligations; D010684:Philosophy; D012106:Research / Q000266:history; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012586:Science / Q000266:history; D013315:Stress, Psychological