title: A tier system for developmental toxicity evaluations based on considerations of exposure and effect relationships.
abstract: The backlog of untested chemicals and the rate at which new substances enter the marketplace exceed our capacity for developmental effects testing by standard in vivo methods. However, conservative use of two observations in a manner consistent with present day understanding of abnormal developmental biology can more accurately focus attention and resources on those agents in greatest need of complex testing for effects on in utero development. These two observations are 1) most chemicals are no more toxic to embryonic development than they are to adult homeostasis and 2) most human exposure to chemicals is de minimus, i.e., so small that it is inconsequential. Recently devised in vitro assays to quantitatively rank chemicals according to their developmental hazard index, when used in conjunction with more conventional in vivo methods and appropriate considerations of exposure, permit evaluation of a significantly larger number of chemicals than is currently achieved. The methods described apply a tier approach to establish testing priorities that markedly reduce the time, cost, and number of laboratory animals needed for evaluation of developmental toxicity.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens