title: The prevention of genetically determined orthopaedic defects.
abstract: Prevention of genetically determined orthopaedic disorders requires five steps: detection, the establishment of an accurate and specific diagnosis, the establishment of the pattern of inheritance, counseling, and management by early treatment, avoidance of pregnancy, or elective abortion. Elective abortion should only be considered after the diagnosis has been confirmed in utero by one or more diagnostic tests, which include radiography, ultrasound, amniocentesis, fetoscopy, fetal blood sampling, and chorionic villi biopsy sampling.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.forename: H R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Cowell
mesh_terms: D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods