title: Endocrine approaches to male fertility control.
abstract: As in the female, gametogenesis in the male is under the control of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Their suppression should inhibit spermatogenesis. If a non-androgenic substance is used to suppress gonadotrophins, androgens must be supplemented to maintain virility, potency and metabolic processes. To avoid administration of several substances, testosterone and its esters were used to develop a male antifertility agent. Although azoospermia can be induced in a high proportion of men with administration of testosterone esters alone, this effect is not uniform. Even frequent injections with testosterone enanthate at weekly intervals fail to inhibit spermatogenesis in all participants. Combinations of gestagenic compounds with testosterone esters show a somewhat better effect, but again azoospermia is only achieved in around 50% of participants. LHRH analogues, although considered by many to offer a realistic potential for male fertility regulation, have not been proven to be successful for this purpose so far. Animal studies in monkeys and preliminary clinical trials demonstrate that agonistic analogues of LHRH have to be given continuously by pump or implant to achieve a pronounced effect on spermatogenesis. But even under these provisions, results in clinical trials have been worse than effects achieved with testosterone/gestagen combinations. Whether new antagonistic compounds offer a better potential awaits clinical trials. Studies in non-human primates demonstrate that testosterone by itself can maintain and initiate spermatogenesis. Based on these findings one could postulate an attenuating effect of high serum androgen levels after supplementation with available testosterone esters. Trials of alternative androgenic substances with slow-release characteristics and without high serum levels after single injections, like 19-nortestosterone hexyloxyphenylpropionate (19NT-HPP), tend to support this theory. With slow-release testosterone preparations under development by the WHO and more advanced delivery systems for LHRH analogues it is not unreasonable to speculate that an effective endocrine antifertility agent for the male will become available.
authors.forename: U A
authors.initials: UA
authors.lastname: Knuth
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieschlag
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D003613:Danazol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009277:Nandrolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011372:Progestins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D003272:Contraceptive Agents, Male; D011372:Progestins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D009277:Nandrolone; D003613:Danazol