title: Mutagenicity of nitrofurans in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6.
abstract: 8 representative 2-substituted 5-nitrofurans were assayed for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6. The tested compounds were: 5-nitro-2-furanacrylic N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)hydrazide (1); furazolidone (2); 5-nitro-2-furanacrolein (3); 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone (4); 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde (5); nitrofurantoin (6); 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate (7); and 5-nitro-2-furoic acid (8). These compounds exhibited markedly different mutagenic activities in TA98, and these mutagenicities were similar both in the presence and the absence of rat-liver hepatic S9 activation enzymes. The mutagenic responses ranged from potent (90-300 revertants/nmole, compounds 1-3), to medium (about 10 revertants/nmole, compounds 4 and 6), to weak (0-4 revertants/nmole, compounds 5, 7 and 8). The mutagenicity of 3 was similar in all 3 tester strains, while compound 8 was essentially inactive. The mutagenicities of 1, 4, 5 and 7 were decreased 30-75% in TA98NR, while 2 and 6 showed an even greater depression of activity in this strain. Compound 6 with S9 was about equally mutagenic in TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6, while the activities of 6 without S9 and 2 and 7 both with and without S9 were 50-75% lower in TA98/1,8-DNP6. Compounds 1, 4 and 5 were only about 5-10% as mutagenic in TA98/1,8-DNP6 as in TA98. These results suggest that: (i) nitrofurans and their S9-mediated metabolites have similar mutagenic potencies; (ii) with the possible exception of No. 3, nitroreduction is the major route of mutagenic activation for these nitrofurans; and (iii) for compounds 2, 6 and 7, both the presumed N-hydroxy and N,O-ester derivatives of the corresponding aminofuran metabolites appear to lead to mutations.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079.
authors.forename: Y C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Heflich
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Kadlubar
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D009581:Nitrofurans / Q000633:toxicity*; D009601:Nitroreductases / Q000172:deficiency; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D009581:Nitrofurans; D009601:Nitroreductases