title: Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis.
abstract: A multicenter prospective randomized trial of four versus six weeks of amphotericin B, 0.3 mg/kg per day, plus flucytosine, 150 mg/kg per day, was performed with 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. One or more toxic drug reactions developed in 103 patients: azotemia (51), renal tubular acidosis (two), leukopenia (30), thrombocytopenia (22), diarrhea (26), nausea/vomiting (10), and hepatitis (13). The four- and six-week regimens were complicated by toxicity in 44 percent and 43 percent of cases, respectively. Toxicity appeared during the first two weeks of therapy in 56 percent and during the first four weeks in 87 percent. Azotemia did not occur more frequently in renal transplant recipients or diabetic patients. Cytopenias did not appear more often in patients with hematologic malignancies or those receiving immunosuppressive therapies. Toxic reactions that contributed to death developed in five patients (two with azotemia, one with pancytopenia, one with hepatitis, one with ileus). Amphotericin B-induced azotemia was not a significant risk factor for the subsequent development of bone marrow, gastrointestinal, or hepatic toxicity attributable to flucytosine. Flucytosine toxicity was associated with peak serum flucytosine levels of 100 micrograms/ml or more during two or more weeks of therapy (p = 0.005). Peak 5-fluorouracil levels were not predictive of toxicity. An initial dose of flucytosine is recommended based on the creatinine clearance: 150 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance above 50 ml/minute, 75 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance of 26 to 50 ml/minute, and 37 mg/kg per day at a creatinine clearance of 13 to 25 ml/minute. The serum creatinine level should be monitored twice weekly and the creatinine clearance weekly during therapy in order to anticipate changes in serum flucytosine concentration. In addition, it is recommended that the serum flucytosine level be determined two hours after an oral dose once a week, and that the dose be adjusted to maintain a level of 50 to 100 micrograms/ml.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stamm
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Diasio
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Dismukes
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shadomy
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Cloud
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bowles
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Espinel-Ingroff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005437:Flucytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008581:Meningitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B; D003404:Creatinine; D005437:Flucytosine