title: Mutagenic and clastogenic properties of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2 (5H)-furanone: a potent bacterial mutagen in drinking water.
abstract: 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) was found to be a direct-acting mutagen in the Ames test for strains TA1535, TA1538, TA92, TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102. The highest mutagenic response (approximately 13,000 revertants/nmol) was seen in strain TA100. The TA100 response was six- to tenfold higher than in TA98, TA97, and TA102, and 100- to 500-fold higher than in TA1535, TA92, and TA1538. The addition of a 9,000 x g supernatant fraction (S-9) from livers of polychlorinated biphenyl-treated rats, along with cofactors for NADPH generation, resulted in a 90% reduction in the TA100 mutagenicity. MX induced chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells after 6-8 hr exposure without S-9 at a dose as low as 4 micrograms/ml, and after 2 hr exposure with S-9 at a dose of 75 micrograms/ml. The oral dose of MX lethal to 50% (LD50) in Swiss-Webster mice was determined to be 128 mg/kg. MX did not induce micronuclei in mouse bone marrow when administered by oral gavage at doses up to 70% of the LD50.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Microbiology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: W F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Blazak
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Knohl
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005663:Furans / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D010053:Ovary; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D005663:Furans; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C054121:3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone