title: Residues and mutagenicity of captan applied to apple trees and potential human exposure.
abstract: The fungicide captan (cis-N-((trichloromethyl)thio) 4-cyclo-hexene-1,2-dicarboximide) was applied at the rate of 2.4 g/l to apple trees (c.v. Golden Delicious) individually or as part of a standard treatment program where it was applied eight times during the growing season together with several pesticides. Leaf samples (100 discs of 2.2 cm diameter) were collected from treated and control trees before treatment and at 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90 and 112 days after treatment. Fruit samples were taken at mid-season (56 days) and at harvest (112 days). The objective of this study was to determine the captan residue and mutagenicity of leaf and fruit extracts to ascertain the potential health hazard to agricultural workers in these orchards. Surface residues were extracted from leaves and fruits with methylene chloride. These extracts were subsequently analyzed for captan by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) utilizing an electron-capture detector, and for mutagenicity with two strains (TA98 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium, with and without microsomal enzyme activation. Positive mutagenic effects were observed with strain TA100 at 0-14 days post spray, even with extracts from one leaf disc's surface (3.8 cm2) of the single treatment. Captan residues in these samples indicated a decline from 9.3 micrograms/cm2 at 0 days to 0.80 micrograms/cm2 at 14 days and a trace after 112 days. With the standard treatment, in which captan was incorporated eight times in the program starting at the 7-day interval, leaf extracts showed mutagenic activity at 7, 14, 28 and 90 days. Captan residues at these intervals were 11.4, 5.0, 4.1 and 3.4 micrograms/cm2, respectively. Fruit sample extracts of the standard spray were mutagenic to the tester strains TA100 and TA98 both at mid-season and at harvest. Residues of captan on fruits declined from 10.4 micrograms/cm2 at mid-season to 1.1 micrograms/cm2 at harvest. No mutagenic activity was detected with extracts from fruit samples from the single captan application.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kawar
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Mumma
mesh_terms: D002215:Captan / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000032:analysis*; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D002215:Captan