title: Neurosurgical management of spasticity, rigidity, and tremor.
abstract: In this review, the authors present a critical overview of the historical development, indications, complications, operative techniques, and results of procedures for the alleviation of the major dyskinesias. Emphasis is placed upon recent refinement of technique, particularly stereotaxis, as well as neurophysiologic stimulation and recording, computerized tomographic scanning (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specific disorders that may be amenable to surgical therapy include spasticity secondary to spinal cord pathology, cerebral palsy, and multiple sclerosis; the tremor and rigidity of Parkinson's disease; essential tremor; dystonia; spasmodic torticollis; post-traumatic and postinfarction intention tremor; cerebral palsy with tremor; hemiballismus; myoclonus; and dyskinesias induced by L-DOPA.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Zager
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009127:Muscle Rigidity / Q000601:surgery*; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D013787:Thalamic Nuclei / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014202:Tremor / Q000601:surgery*