title: Xanthoderma: case report and differential diagnosis.
abstract: There are many possible causes of yellow-orange discoloration of the skin. It is important to ascertain the presence or absence of scleral icterus in determining the diagnosis. Yellow sclerae are found in patients with all causes of hyperbilirubinemia due to the predilection of bilirubin for elastic tissue. The sclerae are also involved in the staining due to some drugs such as quinacrine. Hypercarotenemia, lycopenemia, and riboflavinemia do not involve the sclerae. In our case there are several possible causes for yellow-orange pigmentation of the skin. The patient had malaria, as well as a history of hepatitis, both of which could have resulted in hyperbilirubinemia. However, a bilirubin level of 1.2 mg/100 ml was not sufficient to result in jaundice. The most important finding was that his sclerae were uninvolved, leading us to consider other causes of yellow-orange coloration. The localization of the pigment to the palms and soles is consistent clinically with the diagnosis of hypercarotenemia. This was verified by a serum beta-carotene level slightly above normal. In this case, the carotenemia was due to the ingestion of red palm oil, which the patient had consumed in great quantities while living in Liberia. The surprisingly low level of serum beta-carotene is explained by the fact that he had not consumed red palm oil or another concentrated source of carotene for about three months since living in the United States. Due to the lipophilic nature of the carotenoids, sufficient amounts remained in the tissue to produce discoloration for up to five months, regardless of serum levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee/Memphis, Department of Medicine 38163.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Stack
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Churchwell
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000009:adverse effects; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006229:Hand Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D006932:Hyperbilirubinemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D010938:Plant Oils; D002338:Carotenoids; D000077276:Lycopene; D012256:Riboflavin