title: Temporomandibular disorders. Variation in clinical practice.
abstract: This research describes the extent of variability in diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and relates this variability to treatment outcomes. A health maintenance organization sequentially referred 145 patients with orofacial pain and dysfunction to two TMD clinics. The two clinics differed substantially in their use of tomography (applied to 28% vs. 64% of all patients), and varied moderately in diagnoses assigned to the patient groups. There was large variation in selection of treatments including appliances for bruxism (64% vs. 5%), mandibular repositioning (10% vs. 25%), and joint stabilization (3% vs. 30%); anti-inflammatory medications (44% vs. 19%) and analgesics (16% vs. 2%); and subsequent referral for dental or orthodontic treatment (1% vs. 42%). The differences in diagnostic and therapeutic practice that were found were not associated with important differences in patient-reported pain and dysfunction at 1-year follow-up. These data indicate the need for systematic approaches to identifying, evaluating, and modifying variation in health care practices for common presenting problems lacking reliable methods of evaluation and generally accepted clinical standards for choice of treatments.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, ACC, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, WA 98121.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Truelove
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sommers
authors.forename: E H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dworkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003752:Dental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012106:Research; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014861:Washington