title: Procreative liberty, embryos, and collaborative reproduction: a legal perspective.
abstract: This article discusses the implications of a constitutionally protected right to procreate using a wide range of reproductive choices made possible by noncoital reproductive technologies, including embryo freezing and donation and surrogate gestation. After establishing the constitutional basis for a positive right to procreate, it discusses the extent to which concerns about the welfare of embryos, offspring, donors, and surrogates justifies limitation on reproductive choice involving these technologies. While tangible harm to offspring and protection of the free choice of reproductive collaborators may justify regulation, moral condemnation of noncoital techniques and concerns about the reifying effects of their use are an insufficient basis for state restriction.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robertson
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003075:Coitus; D004624:Embryo Transfer; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D006806:Human Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012099:Reproductive Techniques; D013533:Gestational Carriers; D014481:United States