title: Electron probe microanalysis of the subcellular compartments of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Comparison of chromaffin granules in situ and in vitro.
abstract: The elemental and water content of cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells and their secretory chromaffin granules have been measured and compared with isolated chromaffin granules using quick freezing, ultracryomicrotomy, and electron microprobe analysis methods. In units of millimole/kilogram dry weight (+/- S.E.) granules in situ contained: P, 523 +/- 32; K+, 124 +/- 9; S, 82 +/- 3; Cl-, 74 +/- 9; Ca2+, 13 +/- 2; Mg2+, 6 +/- 2; and Na+, -2 +/- 2. Following routine isolation in isotonic sucrose buffer, granule K and Cl- had decreased while granule Na+ increased. Cl- exhibited a consistent decrease to 35-40 mmol/kg dry weight. Granule Na+ and K+ concentrations ranged from 43 to 12 mmol/kg and 28 to 60 mmol/kg dry weight, respectively, depending on the Na+ and K+ content of the buffer. Despite the redistribution of monovalent ions, granule Ca2+, granule P, being in the form of ATP, and granule S, being in the form of protein, were not significantly changed. The stability of these elements is consistent with the existence of a stable storage complex for Ca2+, ATP, and protein. Using the granule as an internal standard with a water content of 66%, the water contents of external space, nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria were estimated to be 89, 88, 82, and 70%, respectively. Wet weight concentrations for each element were calculated for granules and cytoplasm from which the transgranular concentration gradients for K+, Cl-, and Na+ were determined. Cl-, a permeant anion, was 2-fold higher in the granule than in the cytoplasm while K+, a slightly permeant cation, had an opposite distribution ratio slightly less than two. Together, the K+ and Cl- data suggest the presence of an inside-positive granule membrane potential of approximately 10-16 mV. The surprising lack of Na+ from the granule matrix suggests a hugh inward gradient for Na+ even though the Na+ content of chromaffin cell cytoplasm is low at 5 mmol/kg water. The lack of an outward Na+ gradient is important in that it indicates that the previously described electroneutral Na+-Ca2+ exchange system, by which isolated granules accumulate Ca2+, does not operate in mature granules in situ. Consequently, if chromaffin granules regulate internal calcium during stimulus secretion coupling, a mechanism other that Na+-Ca2+ exchange is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ornberg
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kuijpers
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Leapman
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000032:analysis; D000313:Adrenal Medulla / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002837:Chromaffin Granules / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002838:Chromaffin System / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D005615:Freezing; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D010758:Phosphorus; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium