title: Intracranial injuries resulting from boxing: a review (1918-1985).
abstract: A review of the available records indicates that there have been a substantial number of fatalities in boxers due to intracranial injuries sustained in the ring in comparison to the numbers engaged at both amateur and professional levels. The number of such fatalities has decreased steadily in recent years owing to different measures taken by boxing authorities to decrease the physical hazards in the ring and to improve monitoring of boxers during bouts by referees and physicians. The considerable concern about the long-term effects of repeated brain injury as the result of boxing in producing chronic encephalopathy is adequately justified by the many studies of live boxers and pathologic examinations of brains of former boxers made and recorded over the years since 1952. These indicate clearly a significant relationship between the numbers of bouts fought and the presence of severity of chronic encephalopathy. Because it is unlikely that currently adopted protective measures will substantially reduce these hazards, even though they have apparently reduced direct fatalities, a reasonable approach to prevention would be to reduce the number and severity of blows to the head. This might be done by making any blow to the head in boxing a foul and a reason for disqualification. Another approach would be the elimination of boxing.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Enterprise, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001914:Boxing; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male