title: The cell-specific enhancer of the mouse transthyretin (prealbumin) gene binds a common factor at one site and a liver-specific factor(s) at two other sites.
abstract: We previously defined two distinct cell-specific DNA elements controlling the transient expression of the transthyretin gene in Hep G2 (human hepatoma) cells: a proximal promoter region (-202 base pairs [bp] to the cap site), and a far-upstream cell-specific enhancer located between 1.6 and 2.15 kilobases (kb) 5' of the cap site (R. H. Costa, E. Lai, and J. E. Darnell, Jr., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4697-4708, 1986). In this report, we located the effective transthyretin enhancer element within a 100-bp region between 1.96 and 1.86 kb 5' to the mRNA cap site. In Hep G2 nuclear extracts, three protein-binding sites within this minimal enhancer element were identified by gel mobility and methylation protection experiments. Each binding site was required for full enhancer activity in Hep G2 transient expression assays. Competition experiments in protein-binding assays suggested that two of the three sites were recognized by a similar factor and that the protein interaction with the third site was different. The nuclear protein(s) which bound to the two homologous sites was found mainly or only in cells of hepatic origin, suggesting an involvement of this region in the cell-specific function of this enhancer. The nuclear protein(s) recognizing the third enhancer region was also found in HeLa and spleen cells.
authors.affiliation: Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Grayson
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Darnell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000378:metabolism; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000235:genetics*; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D011228:Prealbumin; D014157:Transcription Factors