title: The spectrum of closed-head injuries in facial trauma victims: incidence and impact.
abstract: Little is known of the incidence of closed-head injury (CHI) associated with facial trauma. To study this problem, we conducted a retrospective review of 200 consecutive admissions to the University of Michigan Medical Center Emergency Department from 1980 to 1985 for treatment of acute facial fractures. All patients were admitted within 48 hours of injury (93% within 24 hours). Medical records were reviewed for age, sex, description, and circumstances of facial injury; assessment of loss of consciousness and anterograde amnesia; and associated intracranial or extracranial injuries. Seventy-three percent of the patients were men (mean age, 27.8 years). Etiologies, in descending order, were road traffic accidents (52%), assaults (22%), sports (14%), falls (7%), other injuries (3%), and gunshot wounds (2%). The incidence rate of CHI in our study was 55%. More than 90% of the head injuries were associated with the loss of consciousness of less than one hour. Risk factor analysis failed to demonstrate that an increased risk of CHI is associated with age, sex, or number of facial fractures. However, there was a one and one-halffold increased risk associated with patients involved in automobile accidents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0042.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davidoff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jakubowski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alpert
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D005596:Fractures, Closed / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008824:Michigan; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors