title: Direct medical costs of disease and gastrointestinal side effects during treatment for arthritis.
abstract: We conducted a study to determine the costs of caring for patients with arthritis. Data were obtained from the Medicaid Management Information System (MMIS) of Washington, DC. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of all direct medical costs related to individual Medicaid recipients who obtained treatment for arthritis. First, all data were adjusted for patient compliance with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Second, we determined the actual expenditure of treating arthritis. Last, the medical costs of treating adverse gastrointestinal side effects were examined. There was a linear relationship between compliance and pharmaceutical dose schedule per diem. Treatment costs per quarter were $145; 54 percent of the cost was for NSAIDs with the remainder equally divided between physician and hospital costs. Approximately 25 percent of the population experienced NSAID-related gastrointestinal side effects that required further medical care. The per-quarter mean cost of treating these adverse gastrointestinal drug reactions was $66 per person, which added nearly 46 percent to the per-quarter mean cost of treatment. The total cost of treating patients with arthritis therefore averaged $211 per quarter. Nearly one third of overall cost went to provide medical care to the 25 percent of the population who experienced adverse reactions, and slightly more than two thirds went towards treating the disease itself. Overall costs of treating adverse drug reactions were accounted for by pharmaceuticals (about 42 percent), usually the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonist cimetidine, rare but expensive inpatient hospital care (about 38 percent) and physician visits (about 20 percent).
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6020.
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004180:Direct Service Costs; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000191:economics; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal