title: Problems with organic materials for magnetic resonance imaging phantoms.
abstract: Organic liquids are frequently used as magnetic resonance (MR) phantom materials. It is often not appreciated that indirect spin-spin coupling can dramatically affect signal amplitudes in spin-echo experiments. These effects are evidenced in three ways: (1) modulation of spin-echo amplitudes; (2) decrease in measured T2 relaxation times; and (3) dependence of spin-echo modulation and measured T2 values on the echo time (TE) in multiecho Carr-Purcell-Meibroom-Gill experiments. This paper illustrates these effects and warns against the inappropriate use of organic liquids as MR phantoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hinks
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Henkelman
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper; D019327:Copper Sulfate; D004986:Ether; D005019:Ethyl Ethers; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008961:Models, Structural
chemical_list: D005019:Ethyl Ethers; D004986:Ether; D003300:Copper; D019327:Copper Sulfate