Neuromuscular patterns of stereotypic hindlimb behaviors in the first two postnatal months. I. Stepping in normal kittens.
Neuromuscular patterns associated with the development of hindlimb stepping behaviors were studied from birth to postnatal day 60 in normal kittens. Hindlimb muscles were chronically implanted with EMG electrodes at birth to characterize interlimb coordination and intralimb synergies during development of overground and treadmill stepping. Airstepping was also examined but seldom occurred after the second postnatal week. All kittens performed stepping under each condition, including weight-supported stepping, by postnatal day 3. The number of sequential steps on the treadmill and overground increased with age and cycle periods decreased. At onset, stepping behaviors were characterized by adult-like EMG patterns. Interlimb coordination was typified by alternating extensor bursts of similar duration. Extensors at the knee and ankle were coactive during the stance phase, and extensor burst durations were strongly correlated with the cycle periods over a wide range of stepping frequency. Ankle flexor and extensor muscles were reciprocally active during postural tremor, bouts of airstepping, and weight-supported steps on the treadmill and overground. The duration of the reciprocal flexor bust did not vary with cycle period or age. Observations of stepping behaviors and adult-like EMG patterns during initial postnatal development were contingent on optimal testing conditions. Taken together, the data suggest that pattern-generating circuits for regulating interlimb coordination and intralimb muscle synergies are potentially functional prior to the normal ontogenetic onset of locomotion. Perhaps the prolonged postnatal development of locomotion reflects the time required to establish adaptive mechanisms, such as postural control and agility, rather than spinal pattern-generating circuits for locomotion.
Bradley
N S
NS
Department of Kinesiology, University of California, Los Angeles 90024.
Smith
J L
JL
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002415:Cats / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000254:growth & development / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D024510:Muscle Development; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology*