title: Myocardial protection with blood cardioplegia in ischemically injured hearts: reduction of reoxygenation injury with allopurinol.
abstract: Myocellular injury mediated by oxygen radicals potentially limits myocardial protection in ischemically damaged hearts. This damage may be greater with oxygen-carrying blood cardioplegic solutions. A major mechanism of oxygen radical production is the conversion of hypoxanthine to uric acid by xanthine oxidase. In 16 anesthetized dogs, we studied whether adding allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, to blood cardioplegia would improve recovery of left ventricular (LV) performance and oxygen consumption. Millar transducer-tipped catheters and minor axis ultrasonic crystals were placed to assess LV performance by the slope of the end-systolic pressure-minor axis diameter relationships (Emax). Following total vented bypass, the hearts underwent 30 minutes of normothermic ischemia and then hypothermic blood cardioplegia with 1 mM allopurinol (N = 8) or without allopurinol (N = 8). Postischemic LV performance was significantly better with allopurinol than without (49.5 +/- 8.0 versus 17.4 +/- 4.1% of preischemic Emax; p less than 0.004). Postischemic LV oxygen consumption in the beating working state, calculated from LV blood flow (15 microm microspheres) and oxygen extraction, was comparable to preischemic values with and without allopurinol (10.2 +/- 1.2 versus 8.6 +/- 1.2 ml O2/100 gm/min). We conclude that allopurinol enhancement of blood cardioplegia increases myocardial protection in severely ischemic ventricles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery (Section on Cardiothoracic Surgery), Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27103.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinten-Johansen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chiantella
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Faust
authors.forename: W E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: McCain
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartman
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cordell
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001769:Blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D000493:Allopurinol