title: Physiologic correlates of the heart rate response to upright isotonic exercise: relevance to rate-responsive pacemakers.
abstract: Rate-responsive cardiac pacing requires a sensitive physiologic variable that is closely correlated with the heart rate-oxygen uptake relation, particularly in patients with heart failure whose cardiac output response to exercise is more dependent on heart rate. Accordingly, the heart rate response to upright exercise was measured in 81 patients with heart failure or hypertension, or both, and in 27 normal subjects. Oxygen uptake (VO2), minute ventilation (VE), cardiac output, right heart pressures and the mixed venous temperature, oxygen saturation (SvO2) and pH were analyzed throughout exercise. Linear regression analysis of these variables with heart rate revealed the following: 1) There was a highly linear heart rate-VO2 relation in each subject (the average slope of this relation was greater [p less than 0.05] in patients with more severe failure). 2) VE was highly correlated with exercise heart rate, and its slope was not different between normal subjects and patients. 3) Mixed venous temperature and pH were poor predictors of exercise heart rate, particularly at low or moderate levels of work; however, SvO2 was highly correlated with heart rate for all levels of work. Thus, in normal subjects and patients with heart failure or hypertension, or both, heart rate increases linearly with isotonic leg exercise. Minute ventilation and mixed venous oxygen saturation are highly correlated with this response and may serve as potential sensors for rate-responsive pacemakers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Michael Reese Hospital, University of Chicago, Illinois 60616.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McElroy
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Janicki
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D002302:Cardiac Output; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007551:Isotonic Contraction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011187:Posture; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange