title: Responses in Xenopus to the thymus independent antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and its haptenated derivative, trinitrophenylated PVP (TNP-PVP).
abstract: Xenopus laevis (the South African clawed toad) can respond to thymus dependent (TD) and thymus independent (TI) antigens. However, the response to trinitrophenylated Ficoll (TNP-Ficoll), a TI-2 antigen in mammals, is thymus dependent in Xenopus. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), classed as a TI antigen in mammals, is also a TI antigen in Xenopus, but responses to PVP and TNP-PVP are thymus regulated. As with TNP-Ficoll, capacity to respond to TNP-PVP diminishes during metamorphosis, and tolerance can be induced via the stimulation of TD suppression with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. Animals treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and adult-thymectomised Xenopus, which lack certain TD responses, can nevertheless respond to TNP-PVP. Based on this and other information, it is concluded that TNP-PVP should be classed as a TI-2 antigen in Xenopus.
authors: Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, U.K.
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Clothier
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Kandola
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mirchandani
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Ellis
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Wood
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Last
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Balls
authors: L N
authors: LN
authors: Ruben
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D000955:Antigens, T-Independent / Q000276:immunology*; D006241:Haptens / Q000276:immunology; D011205:Povidone / Q000276:immunology*; D013934:Thymectomy; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000955:Antigens, T-Independent; D006241:Haptens; D011205:Povidone