Birth order and its relationship to depression, anxiety, and self-concept test scores in children.
Children (N = 404), 7 to 12 years old, were given the Children's Depression Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. First-born children scored significantly lower on depression than second-, third-, fourth-born, and youngest children. First borns showed significantly less trait anxiety than third-born children. First-born children also showed significantly higher levels of self-esteem than second-born and youngest children. Girls in this study showed significantly more trait anxiety than boys.
Gates
L
L
Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, 39406-5025.
Lineberger
M R
MR
Crockett
J
J
Hubbard
J
J
D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D001722:Birth Order; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002666:Psychology, Child; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors