Do women sometimes say no when they mean yes? The prevalence and correlates of women's token resistance to sex.
We investigated whether women ever engage in token resistance to sex--saying no but meaning yes--and, if they do, what their reasons are for doing so. A questionnaire administered to 610 undergraduate women asked whether they had ever engaged in token resistance and, if so, asked them to rate the importance of 26 possible reasons. We found that 39.3% of the women had engaged in token resistance at least once. Their reasons fell into three categories: practical, inhibition-related, and manipulative reasons. Women's gender role attitudes, erotophobia-erotophilia, and other attitudes and beliefs varied as a function of their experience with token resistance and their sexual experience. We argue that, given society's sexual double standard, token resistance may be a rational behavior. It could, however, have negative consequences, including discouraging honest communication, perpetuating restrictive gender stereotypes, and--if men learn to disregard women's refusals--increasing the incidence of rape.
Muehlenhard
C L
CL
Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235.
Hollabaugh
L C
LC
D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D012725:Sexual Behavior