title: Differential stimulation of sea urchin early and late H2B histone gene expression by a gastrula nuclear extract after injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes.
abstract: Sea urchin early histone genes are active in preblastula embryos; late histone genes are maximally expressed during subsequent stages of embryogenesis. We used the Xenopus laevis oocyte to assay for trans-acting factors involved in this differential regulation. Sea urchin nuclear proteins were prepared by extracting gastrula-stage chromatin successively with 0.45, 1, and 2 M NaCl. We injected three fractions into oocytes along with plasmids bearing sea urchin early and late H2b histone genes. While neither the 0 to 0.45 M nor the 1 to 2 M salt fraction affected H2b gene expression, the 0.45 to 1 M salt fraction stimulated early and late H2b mRNA levels significantly. Late H2b gene expression was stimulated preferentially when the early and late genes were coinjected into the same oocytes. This extract did not stimulate the accumulation of transcripts of injected herpesvirus thymidine kinase genes or of the sea urchin Spec 1 gene, suggesting that the stimulatory activity is not a general transcription factor. We localized the DNA sequence required for the stimulatory effect to a region of the late H2b gene located between -43 and +62 relative to the transcription start site. A component of the 0.45 to 1 M salt wash fraction specifically bound to the 105-base-pair late gene DNA sequence and to the corresponding early gene fragment. The abundance of this binding activity decreased on a per genome basis during early development of the sea urchin.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Medical School, Los Angeles 90033.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Maxson
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Ito
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Balcells
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Thayer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: French
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Lee
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Etkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D002843:Chromatin / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005775:Gastrula / Q000032:analysis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005796:Genes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009865:Oocytes; D012617:Sea Urchins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D002457:Cell Extracts; D002843:Chromatin; D006657:Histones; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors