title: An empirical approach to the study of defense mechanisms: I. Reliability and preliminary validity of the Rorschach Defense scales.
abstract: Despite widespread use of the Rorschach for the study of defense mechanisms, few recent Rorschach scales have been developed for the study of defensive functioning. We critically review previous empirical research and describe the Rorschach Defense scales. These scales provide criteria for rating both lower level defense mechanisms, such as splitting and primitive idealization, as well as higher level defenses, such as intellectualization and isolation. The scales utilize a broad range of content including all Rorschach responses, associative content, and verbalization of the tester-patient relationship. Data on interrater reliability and preliminary validity are presented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arnow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011594:Psychometrics; D012392:Rorschach Test; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000523:psychology