title: An outbreak of type E botulism among common loons (Gavia immer) in Michigan's upper peninsula.
abstract: An epizootic of type E botulism (Clostridium botulinum) occurred among common loons (Gavia immer) along the Lake Michigan shore of Michigan's Upper Peninsula (USA) during October and November 1983. An estimated 592 dead loons washed ashore along the Garden Peninsula. Type E botulinal toxin was demonstrated in blood samples and stomach contents of dead loons, and in samples of three species of dead fish found on the Lake Michigan shore. We suspect that loons acquired botulism by ingesting sick or dead fish containing type E toxin.
authors.affiliation: National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53711.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Cooley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000032:analysis; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D001717:Birds; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001906:Botulism / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D008099:Liver / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D051379:Mice; D008824:Michigan
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D008628:Mercury