title: Soft drugs. 7. Soft beta-blockers for systemic and ophthalmic use.
abstract: The "inactive metabolite approach" was used to design a series of "soft" drugs derived from the acidic metabolite of metoprolol. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of these novel "soft" beta-adrenoceptor antagonists were determined: half-lives in human blood ranged from 5 to 754 min. The rates of in vivo disappearance of representative slow, medium, and fast hydrolyzing esters were determined in rats. In each case rapid and quantitative conversion to the corresponding free acid was observed. This suggests a facile, one-step degradation to the predicted major metabolite. The compounds were tested for their ability to decrease intraocular pressure in a rabbit model. Five of the new compounds exerted an ocular hypotensive action comparable to or greater than that of the reference compound, timolol maleate, and with a prolonged duration of action in some cases. In contrast the new compounds showed reduced and shorter duration systemic activity. The adamantylethyl ester emerges as a potentially effective antiglaucoma agent with significantly improved site-specific activity.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, College of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Design and Delivery, J. Hillis Miller Health Center, Gainesville 32610.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodor
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: el-Koussi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Khalifa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008790:Metoprolol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D008790:Metoprolol