title: Ocular perforation from a retrobulbar injection.
abstract: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred in three of seven cases of ocular perforation from retrobulbar injection, resulting in a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. Direct macular injury and macular pucker occurred in two cases each. Needle injury exit sites were in the posterior pole in all cases. Predisposing factors were not experimentally verified, but associated conditions included axial myopia, multiple injections, traditional superonasal gaze position, previous retinal buckling procedure, and enophthalmos.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, White Memorial Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.forename: R T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Oyakawa
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campo
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007646:Keratotomy, Radial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000779:Anesthetics, Local