title: Changes in the long bones due to fetal immobility caused by neuromuscular disease. A radiographic and histological study.
abstract: The long bones in eleven newborn infants who had neuromuscular disease were studied and were found to be thin, hypomineralized, and elongated. In most of the bones, there were multiple diaphyseal or metaphyseal fractures, or both. By light microscopy, the outstanding findings were fractures through the growth plate and diaphysis and thinning of the cortices. The etiology of the fractures and the insufficient substance of the bone is the reduction in the intrauterine motion of the fetus, which leads to fragility of the bones and contractures of the joints. The severity of the alterations may have been related to the time of the onset of the abnormalities and to the duration and degree of the intrauterine akinesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia-Alix
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paniagua
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000150:complications*; D001176:Arthrogryposis / Q000150:complications*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D005324:Fetal Movement; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011859:Radiography