title: Choanal atresia and associated anomalies: the CHARGE association.
abstract: Over the past few years there has been increasing awareness of the association of choanal atresia with other congenital defects. Thirty-one cases of choanal atresia were reviewed and other congenital anomalies were documented in 19 patients. These other anomalies were identified in 75% of the 20 patients with bilateral choanal atresia but in only 36% of the 11 patients with unilateral choanal atresia. Associated defects largely occurred in a predictable pattern described by the CHARGE mnemonic: C-coloboma, H-heart disease, A-atresia choanae, R-retarded growth, G-genital hypoplasia, E-ear defects. The implications of the CHARGE association in the management of patients with choanal atresia are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: F I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Catlin
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D002754:Choanal Atresia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003103:Coloboma; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000002:abnormalities; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000150:complications; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male