title: The frequency of 'occult' ventricular fibrillation masquerading as a flat line in prehospital cardiac arrest.
abstract: We investigated the frequency with which a "vector of ventricular fibrillation" may exist in persons in prehospital cardiac arrest. Emergency medical technicians trained in defibrillation were directed to record the rhythm in three different monitor leads whenever they noted an initial flat line. Before these lead switches, the technicians performed a flat line protocol that included inspection of the lead connections to the patient and to the defibrillator, and checks of the calibration and battery status of the devices. They performed this flat line protocol for 127 cardiac arrest patients; 118 were in confirmed asystole after technical problems were corrected. Ventricular fibrillation was detected in only three (2.5%) when the monitor lead was switched. Initial technical problems were more frequent and were identified for ten patients (8%). The frequency of occult ventricular fibrillation (three of 118 asystolic patients) yields a 95% confidence that the true frequency is no greater than 8% to 9%. This suggests that ventricular fibrillation masquerading as asystole is rare. These data do not support protocols for empiric countershocks of patients with an initial flat line on the monitor.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Evaluation of Emergency Medical Services, King County Department of Public Health, Seattle, Washington 98104.
authors.forename: R O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Austin
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000193:education; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014861:Washington