title: Intrathecal morphine and clonidine for control of intractable cancer pain. A case report.
abstract: The use of intrathecal clonidine, in combination with intrathecal morphine, for the treatment of a patient with intractable cancer pain is reported. The addition of clonidine overcame the problem of tolerance to the analgesic effects of morphine alone. The patient was maintained pain free for three months, without complications, until his death. At autopsy, no evidence of neurotoxicity associated with the prolonged intrathecal administration of clonidine and morphine was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Westeinde Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: van Essen
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bovill
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Ploeger
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beerman
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007260:Infusion Pumps; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine; D003000:Clonidine