title: The step technique for the reconstruction of lower lip defects after cancer resection. A follow-up study of 165 cases.
abstract: One hundred and sixty-five patients with localized cancer of the lower lip were excised and reconstructed over a 25-year period using Bengt Johanson's step technique. Eight-eight percent of the tumors were less than 2 cm in size and 65% were of high histopathological differentiation. Fifty-six percent were reconstructed with bilateral step flaps. Nine local recurrences appeared in 5 patients, none of whom died of lip cancer. Eight patients later developed regional metastases and 3 of these patients died of lip cancer. The 5-year survival rate was 98%. The step technique is recommended for reconstruction of lip defects of up to 2/3 of the lower lip and may, in larger resections, be combined with either a fan flap or an Estlander flap. The outstanding functional results are due to the use of adjacent tissue for the reconstruction which preserves the normal arrangement of muscles, vessels and nerves.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blomgren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blomqvist
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lauritzen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holmström
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D008048:Lip Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*