title: Adverse pregnancy outcome in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) after chronic caffeine exposure.
abstract: Caffeine and the related methylxanthine theophylline are consumed regularly by pregnant women. In a study originally designed to assess the neurotoxic potential of caffeine in the infant, 40 female monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were divided into three groups and administered caffeine in their drinking water at concentrations equivalent to 0, 10 to 15 or 25 to 35 mg/kg/day of caffeine 7 days a week. After a period of adaptation to caffeine these monkeys were mated with untreated males. Reproductive failure in the form of stillbirths and miscarriages was observed in the treated groups. Subsequently, 12 control monkeys and 1 low-dose monkey were added to the study and most of the original monkeys rebred. The second round of pregnancies confirmed that the treated monkeys had an increased rate of stillbirths and miscarriages. The precise cause of death of the stillborn infants could not be determined. Maternal weight gain and infant birth weights decreased in a dose-related manner. These results indicate that in utero exposure to methylxanthines (caffeine and/or its major metabolite theophylline) adversely affects pregnancy outcome in the monkey.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Research Division, Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Reuhl
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stavric
mesh_terms: D000034:Abortion, Veterinary / Q000139:chemically induced; D000818:Animals; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline