title: The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. V. Longitudinal study of pregnant women.
abstract: The major associations with the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in pregnancy were increased intake of protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin C (four of five targeted nutrients) and of energy, magnesium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12; reversal of low weight gain in early pregnancy; smaller fat stores in late pregnancy; reduced frequency of premature rupture of the uterine membranes; larger infant head circumference with no effect on birth weight and length; increased birth weight and head circumference with better program quality; and lower fetal mortality of appreciable but not significant magnitude. Incremental energy intake was comparable to that in most small-scale supplementation trials. There was no evidence of effects on frequency of prenatal care, use of alcohol or tobacco, the intention to breast-feed, or the rate of breast-feeding. Maternal alcohol intake was associated with depressed infant head circumference, over and above effects on birth weight and length.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rush
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leighton
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alvir
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Horvitz
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Seaver
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Garbowski
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kulka
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holt
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D005865:Gestational Age; D006266:Health Education; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood; D011632:Public Assistance; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins