title: Exposure to lead and cadmium of children living in different areas of north-west Germany: results of biological monitoring studies 1982-1986.
abstract: Between 1982 and 1986 several surveys were carried out to determine the levels of lead and cadmium in blood, urine, and shed deciduous teeth (incisors only) of children living in rural, suburban, urban, and industrial areas of North-West Germany. Blood lead (PbB) and blood cadmium (CdB) were measured in about 4000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbB levels vary between 5.5 and 7 micrograms/dl, with 98th percentiles varying between 10 and 13 micrograms/dl. The median CdB levels are between 0.1 and 0.2 microgram/dl, with 95th percentiles between 0.3 and 0.4 microgram/l. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbB levels than children from rural and suburban areas. Regarding CdB no differences could be detected. Children living in areas around lead and zinc smelters, particularly those living very close to the smelters, have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. Children from lead worker families also have substantially increased PbB and CdB levels. The lead levels in shed milk teeth (PbT) were determined in about 3000 children. In rural, suburban and urban areas the median PbT levels are between 2 and 3 micrograms/g, with 95th percentiles between 4 and 7 micrograms/g. Children from urban areas have significantly higher PbT levels than children from rural and suburban areas. The highest PbT levels (on a group basis) are in children from nonferrous smelter areas. The median levels of lead in urine (PbU) are between 6 and 10 micrograms/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles between 20 and 30 micrograms/g creatinine. Children from polluted areas have higher PbU levels than children from less polluted areas. The median levels of cadmium in urine (CdU) are in the order of 0.1 microgram/g creatinine, with 95th percentiles being in the range of 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/g creatinine. Girls have higher CdU levels than boys. There are no differences between groups of children from different areas. Children from lead worker families have higher PbU and CdU levels than otherwise comparable children. The results of the present studies indicate a further decrease of PbB in children from North-West Germany since the CEC blood lead campaigns carried out in 1979 and 1981. The decrease of lead exposure also seems to be reflected by a decrease of tooth lead levels.
authors.affiliation: Medizinisches Institut für Umwelthygiene, Universität Düsseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brockhaus
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Collet
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dolgner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Engelke
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ewers
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Freier
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jermann
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Manojlovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turfeld
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005860:Germany, West; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014070:Tooth / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead