title: Automatic and effortful processing in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Twenty-five boys with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and 23 age-matched controls were compared on verbal memory tasks differentiating automatic versus effortful information processing. Automatic processing tasks included the recognition of new or old words in a list and the recognition of frequency of occurrence of words in a list. Effortful tasks included free recall of lists of both related and unrelated words. Hyperactive boys did not differ from controls in automatic processing capabilities but demonstrated significantly poorer effortful processing. Intercorrelations of the variables revealed high correlations between scores on effortful measures and also raise questions about the purity of automaticity in some tasks employed. Stepwise discriminant analysis demonstrated that free recall of related words (an effortful task) best discriminated between groups. Effort-related processing in hyperactive and normal children is discussed in relation to variables of motivation, affect, arousal, and other higher-order cognitive processes.
authors.affiliation: Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borcherding
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruesi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartko
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weingartner
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D008774:Methylphenidate; D003913:Dextroamphetamine