title: Voltage clamp studies of fertilization in sea urchin eggs. II. Current patterns in relation to sperm entry, nonentry, and activation.
abstract: Following attachment of a sperm to the surface of a sea urchin egg clamped at a membrane potential (Vm) more positive than +17 mV, no changes in membrane conductance can be detected, the sperm does not enter egg, and no morphological changes can be detected. At Vm from +17 to -100 mV three characteristically different types of current profiles are observed: Type I are activation currents in eggs penetrated by a sperm. These have three phases, which occur in all eggs clamped at Vm from +17 to -20 mV and in decreasing percentages at clamped Vm more negative than -20 mV (to -75 mV). Complete fertilization envelopes are elevated, relatively large mound-shaped fertilization cones form, and the eggs develop to normal embryos. Type II are sperm transient currents in eggs not penetrated by a sperm, the eggs otherwise remaining in the unfertilized state. These transients are simpler and shorter than type I currents, and are observed only at clamped Vm more negative than -20 mV. Type III are modified activation currents in eggs not penetrated by a sperm. These have three phases, are observed only at clamped Vm more negative than -20 mV, and are the only type of activation current seen at clamped Vm more negative than -75 mV. Complete fertilization envelopes are elevated, the fertilization cones are small and filament-like, and the eggs fail to cleave. We conclude that (a) the sperm transient currents (type II) and phase 1 of the activation currents (type I and III) are similar events generated by a sperm-initiated localized conductance increase, (b) the abrupt decrease of current which terminates the sperm transients and phase 1 of type III currents results from a turnoff of the sperm-induced conductance increase and signals that the sperm will not enter the egg, and (c) the occurrence of phase 2 during an electrophysiological response induced by a sperm indicates that the egg is activating.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Florida 33101.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lynn
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: McCulloh
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Chambers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000502:physiology*; D013084:Sperm-Ovum Interactions; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000502:physiology