title: Evaluation of a soluble tetrazolium/formazan assay for cell growth and drug sensitivity in culture using human and other tumor cell lines.
abstract: We have previously described the application of an automated microculture tetrazolium assay (MTA) involving dimethyl sulfoxide solubilization of cellular-generated 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-formazan to the in vitro assessment of drug effects on cell growth (M.C. Alley et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 27:389, 1986; M.C. Alley et al., Cancer Res. 48:589-601, 1988). There are several inherent disadvantages of this assay, including the safety hazard of personnel exposure to large quantities of dimethyl sulfoxide, the deleterious effects of this solvent on laboratory equipment, and the inefficient metabolism of MTT by some human cell lines. Recognition of these limitations prompted development of possible alternative MTAs utilizing a different tetrazolium reagent, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino)carbonyl] -2H- tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT), which is metabolically reduced in viable cells to a water-soluble formazan product. This reagent allows direct absorbance readings, therefore eliminating a solubilization step and shortening the microculture growth assay procedure. Most human tumor cell lines examined metabolized XTT less efficiently than MTT; however, the addition of phenazine methosulfate (PMS) markedly enhanced cellular reduction of XTT. In the presence of PMS, the XTT reagent yielded usable absorbance values for growth and drug sensitivity evaluations with a variety of cell lines. Depending on the metabolic reductive capacity of a given cell line, the optimal conditions for a 4-h XTT incubation assay were 50 micrograms of XTT and 0.15 to 0.4 microgram of PMS per well. Drug profiles obtained with representative human tumor cell lines for several standard compounds utilizing the XTT-PMS methodology were similar to the profiles obtained with MTT. Addition of PMS appeared to have little effect on the metabolism of MTT. The new XTT reagent thus provides for a simplified, in vitro cell growth assay with possible applicability to a variety of problems in cellular pharmacology and biology. However, the MTA using the XTT reagent still shares many of the limitations and potential pitfalls of MTT or other tetrazolium-based assays.
authors.affiliation: Program Resources Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Maryland 21701.
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Scudiero
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Paull
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monks
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tierney
authors.forename: T H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Nofziger
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Currens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Seniff
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005562:Formazans; D006801:Humans; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D005562:Formazans; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D004317:Doxorubicin