Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and primary liver cancer: a case-control study in the USA.
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were examined as potential risk factors in a case-control study of primary liver cancer (PLC). A total of 165 PLC cases and 465 matched controls from several US hospitals were studied. A weak but statistically significant (p less than 0.05) dose-response relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and PLC in elderly females independent of other major risk factors (adjusted OR = 1.87 and 3.48 for 1-2 and greater than 3 drinks per day, respectively) and a similar trend was evident in elderly males. The risk for PLC was also elevated in elderly females who were current cigarette smokers (adjusted OR = 3.30). Our results suggest that alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking may have minor age- and sex-specific effects on the development of PLC, and underscore the need for further investigations to elucidate major PLC risk factors in US populations.
American Health Foundation, New York, NY 10017.
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Yu
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Harris
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Kabat
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Wynder
D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States