25-Hydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D in human milk: effects of supplementation and season.
Breast-milk 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-[OH]D) and vitamin D were measured in mothers supplemented with 2000 or 1000 IU (50 or 25 micrograms) of vitamin D/d or with no supplementation. Fore- and hindmilk samples were collected at two stages of lactation (8 and 15 or 20 wk after delivery) and at different seasons. Season affected the levels of 25-(OH)D and vitamin D. The 25-(OH)D levels were higher in hind- than in foremilk. Supplementation had no effect on vitamin D levels. Milk 25-(OH)D levels of mothers receiving either 1000 or 2000 IU (25 or 50 micrograms) vitamin D/d were significantly higher than those of unsupplemented mothers in February and April. In theory, supplementation with 2000 IU (50 micrograms) vitamin D should have increased the calculated antirachitic activity of the milk in winter to the levels of unsupplemented mothers in September; however, responses varied widely among individuals.
Department of Pediatrics, University Central Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
M
M
Ala-Houhala
T
T
Koskinen
M T
MT
Parviainen
J K
JK
Visakorpi
D001942:Breast Feeding; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000032:analysis*; D012621:Seasons; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis*
D006887:Hydroxycholecalciferols; D014807:Vitamin D; D002112:Calcifediol