Active-site-directed reductive alkylation of xanthine oxidase by imidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,9-diones functionalized with a leaving group.
A new class of purine antimetabolites, directed toward xanthine oxidase, was designed by employing some of the features found in the bioreductive alkylator mitomycin C. The design involved functionalizing the purine-like imidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline ring system as a quinone (4,9-dione) bearing a 2 alpha leaving group. Due to the presence of the electron-deficient quinone ring, the leaving group cannot participate in alkylation reactions. Reduction to the hydroquinone (4,9-dihydroxy) derivative, however, permits elimination of the leaving group to afford an alkylating quinone methide. In spite of the electronic differences, both quinone and hydroquinone derivatives of the imidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline system are able to enter the purine-utilizing active site of the enzyme. Thus, the hypoxanthine-like quinone derivative [2-(bromomethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-g]quinazoline-4,8, 9(3H, 7H)-trione] and its hydroquinone derivative can act as reducing substrates for the enzyme, resulting in conversion to the xanthane-like 6-oxo derivatives. Hydrolysis studies described herein indicate that the hypoxanthine-like hydroquinone derivative eliminates HBr to afford an extended quinone methide species. The observed alkylation of the enzyme by this derivative may thus pertain to quinone methide generation and nucleophile trapping during enzymatic oxidation at the 6-position. Enzymatic studies indicate that the hypoxanthine-like quinone is an oxidizing suicide substrate for the enzyme. Thus, the reduced enzyme transfers electrons to this quinone, and the resulting hydroquinone inactivates the enzyme. As with mitomycin C, reduction and quinone methide formation are necessary for alkylation by the title quinone. This system is therefore an example of a purine active-site-directed reductive alkylator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lee
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Department of Chemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287.
Skibo
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D000478:Alkylation; D001665:Binding Sites; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D007700:Kinetics; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
D007093:Imidazoles; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D011799:Quinazolines; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase