title: Molecular evolution of mammalian lactate dehydrogenase-A genes and pseudogenes: association of a mouse processed pseudogene with a B1 repetitive sequence.
abstract: A mouse genomic clone containing a lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) processed pseudogene and a B1 repetitive element was isolated, and a nucleotide sequence of approximately 3 kb was determined. The pseudogene and B1 element are flanked by perfect 13-bp repeats, and the B1 sequence starts at 14 nucleotides 3' to the presumptive polyadenylation signal of the pseudogene. The nucleotide sequences of the LDH-A genes and processed pseudogenes from mouse, rat, and human were compared, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The rate and pattern of nucleotide substitutions in the LDH-A pseudogenes are similar to previously reported results (Li et al. 1984). The average rate of nucleotide substitutions in the LDH-A pseudogenes is 4.3 X 10(-9)/site/year. The substitutions of C----T and G----A are most frequent, and A----G substitutions are relatively high. The rate of synonymous substitutions in the LDH-A genes is 5.3 X 10(-9), which is not significantly higher than the average rate of 4.7 X 10(-9) for 35 mammalian genes. The rate of nonsynonymous substitutions in the LDH-A genes is 0.20 X 10(-9), which is considerably lower than the average rate of 0.88 X 10(-9) for 35 mammalian genes. Thus, the mammalian LDH-A gene appears to be highly conserved in evolution.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D005075:Biological Evolution; D006801:Humans; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice / Q000235:genetics*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D011544:Pseudogenes; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
chemical_list: D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase