title: Cigarette smoking in patients referred for periodontal treatment.
abstract: 369 adult patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were compared with a survey sample from the population of Stockholm regarding smoking habits. The results showed that the frequency of daily cigarette smokers was significantly greater in the periodontitis sample. The odds ratio for a smoker to appear among periodontitis patients was more than doubled as compared to the population at large. In addition, the periodontal variables of PlI, GI, probing depth and the patient's experience of gingival bleeding were recorded and compared between smoking and non-smoking patients. PlI was found to be similar in smokers and non-smokers. Signs and symptoms of gingivitis as evidenced by the patients' experience of gingival bleeding and by GI were less pronounced in patients who smoke. Only 25% of smokers reported bleeding gingiva as compared to 51% of non-smokers. No differences were observed regarding probing depth except for lingual pockets of the maxilla where a significantly greater probing depth was observed in smokers. It was concluded that smokers may run an increased risk for periodontitis. Furthermore, gingival inflammatory symptoms seem to be suppressed in patients who smoke.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Preber
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000209:etiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking