title: Landmark identification in computerized posteroanterior cephalometrics.
abstract: A lack of cognition regarding the reliability of landmark identification in posteroanterior cephalometrics keeps the extracted data questionable. The present study was designed to analyze this problem for the purpose of providing certain insights. An interactive computer graphic package was developed. This package was called EA-PAX (Error Analysis of Postero-Anterior cephalometric X-ray films). A random sample of 40 clear posteroanterior cephalometric head plates was studied. The reliability of landmark identification was established. The skeletal landmarks seemed more reliable than the dental landmarks. The variation in the direction and magnitude of the error was determined for each landmark. Most landmarks had their own characteristic noncircular envelope of error. It is not the philosophy of the present authors to tell the orthodontists what to use. Rather, the philosophy is to be aware of the amount and direction of variation for a particular landmark. Taking this into consideration will enable the orthodontists to look on their cephalometric numbers with a mental awareness of the possible variations. Several clinical and research studies are suggested in the article.
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: El-Mangoury
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.forename: Y A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Mostafa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D003196:Computer Graphics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software