title: Mechanisms subserving the bipotential actions of estrogen on ovarian cells: studies with a selective anti-estrogen, LY156758, and the sparingly metabolizable estrogen agonist, moxestrol.
abstract: Estrogen exerts biphasic effects on progesterone biosynthesis by swine granulosa cells, such that initial transient inhibition is followed by delayed but sustained stimulation. We have tested the functional role of the estradiol receptor in these biphasic responses by utilizing the highly selective estrogen-receptor antagonist, LY156758, and the synthetic estrogen agonist, moxestrol. The acute inhibitory action of estradiol was mimicked in a dose-dependent action by moxestrol (half-maximally inhibitory dose: 54.3 +/- 25 ng/ml), but was not antagonized by LY156758. Rather, the antiestrogen alone significantly suppressed basal progesterone synthesis, and accentuated the suppressive effect of submaximally inhibitory doses of estradiol. Inhibition was accompanied by increased pregnenolone accumulation, with a consequently augmented ratio of pregnenolone to progesterone. Moreover, in cell-free sonicates of granulosa cells, LY156758 directly inhibited 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in a dose-dependent fashion, with half-maximal inhibition expressed at a drug concentration of 2.44 +/- 0.31 micrograms/ml compared with 85 +/- 19 ng/ml for estradiol. In addition, the combination of LY156758 and submaximally inhibitory doses of estradiol resulted in further suppression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. The sustained stimulatory phase of estrogen action was also mimicked by moxestrol in a dose-dependent fashion. However, in contrast to its acute inhibitory effects, longer-term treatment with LY156758 slightly enhanced basal progesterone accumulation, and effectively antagonized estradiol's stimulatory actions. In summary, our results with moxestrol demonstrate that both the inhibitory and the stimulatory actions of estradiol are effectively mimicked by this synthetic estrogen agonist. Results with the selective anti-estrogen LY156758 indicate a small degree of intrinsic estrogen agonist activity (approx 4% that of estradiol), which is reflected by its acute and direct inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. However, under longer-term conditions in which estradiol's stimulation of progesterone production is expressed, LY156758 significantly antagonizes estradiol's trophic actions. Accordingly, we suggest that the acute suppressive effects of estradiol on progesterone production are mediated predominantly by direct inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, while delayed stimulatory effects are transduced via estrogen-receptor mechanisms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Veldhuis
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D010053:Ovary / Q000187:drug effects*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011284:Pregnenolone / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D011959:Receptors, Estradiol; D004997:Ethinyl Estradiol; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; C011310:moxestrol; D011284:Pregnenolone; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases