title: Hepatobiliary imaging: the diagnostic use of intravenous morphine in fasting patients.
abstract: Fasting and parenteral nutrition are associated with a spectrum of gallbladder disorders. We reviewed the use of hepatobiliary imaging in patients (N = 42) with fasting-induced gallbladder dysfunction. Intravenous morphine was administered in patients (N = 20) whose gallbladders did not visualize at 40 minutes after administration of diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid. In those patients whose gallbladders visualized with morphine (N = 8), the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was excluded. Of those that did not visualize after morphine administration (N = 12), all were clinically diagnosed as acute cholecystitis. Although ultrasound is effective in demonstrating the anatomical features of prolonged gallbladder stasis including sludge, stones, and thickened gallbladder wall, it cannot detect cystic duct patency. Cholescintigraphy is an accurate test of cystic duct patency, but gallbladder stasis interferes with the ability of cholescintigraphy to visualize the gallbladder. From our experience, we propose that cholescintigraphy with intravenous morphine is beneficial in demonstrating cystic duct patency in fasting patients.
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Service, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Grund
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Reinke
authors.forename: B W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Shafer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007098:Imino Acids; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019785:Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin
chemical_list: D007098:Imino Acids; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009020:Morphine; D019785:Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin