title: Enhancement of in vivo immune response by tumor necrosis factor.
abstract: Interleukin 1 (IL-1) has been shown to regulate several immunologic functions. Since tumor necrosis factor (TNF) shares many biologic properties with IL-1, we have investigated here the role of TNF in the modulation of the immune response. We have thus tested low doses of human recombinant TNF-alpha (hu rTNF-alpha) for its capacity to enhance the in vivo antibody responses evaluated at the cellular level in the hemolytic plaque assay. It was found that hu rTNF-alpha, like human IL-1 beta, is able to enhance the immune response to a T cell-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells). Interestingly, at variance with human recombinant IL-1 beta, hu rTNF-alpha was not able to enhance the in vivo antibody response to a T cell-independent antigen (type III pneumococcal polysaccharide). These results suggest that low levels of TNF may have a role in the modulation of the immune response in vivo and shed new light on the biologic significance of this mediator.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects*; D000955:Antigens, T-Independent / Q000276:immunology*; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H / Q000276:immunology; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D013268:Stimulation, Chemical; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000955:Antigens, T-Independent; D007375:Interleukin-1; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha