Calcium-regulating hormones and minerals from birth to 18 months of age: a cross-sectional study. I. Effects of sex, race, age, season, and diet on vitamin D status.
The influence of sex, race, age, season, and diet (cow's milk formula v human milk) on the vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein status in infants less than 18 months of age was investigated in this cross-sectional, prospective study of 198 infants. No differences by sex were observed in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or vitamin D-binding protein concentrations. By race, black infants had significantly elevated serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels relative to white infants. By age, vitamin D-binding protein concentrations increased with increasing age. By season, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were low in winter, whereas 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein were high in winter compared with summer. By diet, formula-fed infants had higher serum concentrations of all measured vitamin D metabolites and vitamin D-binding protein than human milk-fed infants. Thus, race, age, season, and diet exert, individually or in combination, different and significant effects on vitamin D metabolites; these should be considered in assessing infant vitamin D status.
D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044383:Black People; D001903:Bottle Feeding; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000097:blood; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000097:blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D012737:Sex Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein / Q000097:blood*
D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols; D014809:Vitamin D-Binding Protein; D014807:Vitamin D; D015650:24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3; D002117:Calcitriol; D002112:Calcifediol; D002118:Calcium