title: Pyridine nucleotide metabolites stimulate calcium release from sea urchin egg microsomes desensitized to inositol trisphosphate.
abstract: Inositol trisphosphate (IP3) was previously shown to release Ca2+ from a nonmitochondrial store in sea urchin eggs. In this study, egg homogenates and purified microsomes were monitored with either fura 2 or Ca2+-sensitive minielectrodes to determine whether other stimuli would induce Ca2+ release. Pyridine nucleotides (whose concentrations are known to change at fertilization) were found to release nearly as much Ca2+ as did IP3. Average releases/ml of homogenate were: 0.6 microM IP3, 10.9 nmol of Ca2+; 50 microM NADP, 7.3 nmol of Ca2+; and 100 microM NAD, 6.5 nmol of Ca2+ (n = 6). Specificity was demonstrated by screening a series of other phosphorylated metabolites, and none was found to reproducibly release Ca2+. Calcium release induced by IP3 or NADP was immediate, whereas a lag of 1-4 min occurred with NAD. This lag before NAD-induced Ca2+ release led to the discovery that a soluble egg factor (Mr greater than 100,000) converts NAD into a highly active metabolite that releases Ca2+ without a lag. The NAD metabolite (E-NAD) was purified to homogeneity by high pressure liquid chromatography and produced half-maximal Ca2+ release at about 40 nM. Injection of E-NAD into intact eggs produced both an increase in intracellular Ca2+ (as assayed with indo-1) and a cortical reaction. Following Ca2+ release by each of the active agents (IP3, NAD, and NADP), the homogenates resequestered the released Ca2+ but were desensitized to further addition of the same agent. A series of desensitization experiments showed that homogenates desensitized to any two of these agents still responded to the third, indicating the presence of three independent Ca2+ release mechanisms. This is further supported by experiments using Percoll density gradient centrifugation in which NADP-sensitive microsomes were partially separated from those sensitive to IP3 and NAD.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D007295:Inositol Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012617:Sea Urchins; D013403:Sugar Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007295:Inositol Phosphates; D013403:Sugar Phosphates; D009243:NAD; D009249:NADP; D015544:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate; D002118:Calcium