title: Surgery without pain--Part II: 1800-1847.
abstract: This paper was commissioned to cover the beginning of anaesthesia: the transition from surgical operations with pain to those without. It reviews some previous pre-anaesthetic histories (Part I): it focuses upon attitudes to pain; and it seeks evidence from the one hundred years before the discovery of anaesthesia. Finally (Part II) it outlines the introduction of nitrous oxide and of ether anaesthesia.
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000266:history*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000266:history*; D010146:Pain / Q000266:history*