title: [Molecular mechanisms of the transformation of protooncogenes into oncogenes].
abstract: The problem of cellular protooncogene activation is considered. This stage during carcinogenesis is evaluated as critical in the whole process of neoplasia development. Four possible principal pathways of protooncogene activation are discussed: oncogene amplification; chromosomal translocations; insertions and transpositions of genetic material; point mutations. Two ideas in carcinogenesis based on the oncogene conception have attracted special attention: the "dose hypothesis" emphasizing the importance of the quantitative changes of oncoproteins and the idea of the qualitative alterations of protooncogenes.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009857:Oncogenes; D011519:Proto-Oncogenes
vernacular_title: Molekuliarnye mekhanizmy prevrashcheniia protoonkogenov v onkogeny.