title: Stable isotopes in pharmacology studies: present and future.
abstract: Stable-isotope techniques offer advantages over older methods in safety, sensitivity, specificity, and reduction in numbers of subjects required and analytic determinations for some types of pharmacology studies. In addition to their use as internal standards in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analytic methods, stable isotopes have been successfully employed in studies of absorption, bioavailability, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, metabolite identification, time-dependent and dose-dependent pharmacokinetic changes, drug interactions, pharmacologic changes during pregnancy, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007554:Isotopes / Q000633:toxicity; D007700:Kinetics; D009153:Mutagens; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D010600:Pharmacology / Q000639:trends*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011865:Radioisotope Dilution Technique; D013045:Species Specificity; D013723:Teratogens; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes; D009153:Mutagens; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D013723:Teratogens