title: Effects of xylazine and ketamine on epinephrine-induced arrhythmia in the dog.
abstract: Ten dogs were studied to determine the effects of xylazine, ketamine, and xylazine combined with ketamine on the dosage of epinephrine required to produce ventricular arrhythmia. Untreated dogs required an arrhythmogenic dose (AD) of 5.88 +/- 2.85 micrograms/kg/min. The AD was 4.28 +/- 3.25 micrograms/kg/min in xylazine-treated dogs, 3.05 +/- 2.3 micrograms/kg/min in ketamine-treated dogs, and 2.96 +/- 1.95 micrograms/kg/min in xylazine/ketamine-treated dogs. The latter two dosages were significantly less than that of the controls (p less than 0.025). The duration of increased arrhythmogenicity was also examined. Four hours after drug administration, the AD for xylazine-treated dogs was decreased further to 3.87 +/- 2.52 micrograms/kg/min (p less than 0.05). Ketamine-treated dogs had returned partially to normal with an AD of 4.09 +/- 3.09 micrograms/kg/min, as had xylazine/ketamine-treated dogs, at 4.22 +/- 2.71 micrograms/kg/min.
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D013843:Thiazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D004837:Epinephrine