title: Alfred Kirstein. Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy.
abstract: Autoscopy is, therefore, a difficult morsel; until it is thoroughly absorbed into the life-blood of laryngology it will cause many a digestive disturbance.
mesh_terms: D001604:Berlin; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D020704:Laryngoscopes; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000266:history*