title: Current neuroradiological investigation of spontaneous hemorrhage into the craniospinal axis.
abstract: Increasing experience-based statistical knowledge, expertise, and technical advancements in recent years have all contributed to the facility of investigations into the cause of spontaneous neuraxis hemorrhage. The sum of the neuroradiological evaluation has become increasingly more straightforward, simpler to execute, more informative, and safer to perform. Methods of investigation include the traditional forms of radiography such as skull roentgenography and conventional anteriography. However, the contribution of high resolution computed tomography, dynamic computed tomography, and venous and arterial digital subtraction angiography has been largely responsible for the progress in this complicated area of radiological diagnosis. The future advancement of radiological evaluation in patients with craniospinal hemorrhage will lie in the technical improvements of current imaging systems, as well as in the further development and refinement of new techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging.
mesh_terms: D000792:Angiography; D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013120:Spinal Cord Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed