title: External cranioplasty: historical perspectives.
abstract: Selective external cranial vault remodeling has been practiced since antiquity. The variations, methods, and desired results of external cranioplasty are as pervasive as the practice is old.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001458:Bandages; D004954:Esthetics; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007199:Indians, South American; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010163:Paleontology; D010568:Peru; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014481:United States