title: Bacterial contamination of ambulance oxygen humidifier water reservoirs: a potential source of pulmonary infection.
abstract: The risk and benefit of oxygen humidification during ambulance transport is unknown. We cultured the water in plastic multiple-use bottles of humidifiers on 30 randomly selected area ambulances during November 1985. There were 22 positive cultures. Potentially pathogenic bacteria (four Pseudomonas maltophilia, three Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one Staphylococcus epidermidis) were found in nine samples. Assuming that the water in ambulance humidifiers should have been sterile, the findings are statistically significant (P less than .01). Because there is no evidence that humidification is of benefit for nonintubated patients receiving oxygen at flow rates of 4 L/min or less when environmental humidity is adequate, we suggest that such patients should receive oxygen without humidification during ambulance transport. All other patients requiring oxygen during ambulance transport should continue to receive humidified oxygen. If a multiple-use humidifier reservoir is to be used, a written policy for its use must be developed and there must be appropriate documentation of compliance with the policy. An alternative is to replace the multiple-use humidifier reservoir with single-use sterile disposable devices, which cost approximately $2.00 per unit.
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010100:Oxygen; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen