title: Nonparenteral administration of peptide and protein drugs.
abstract: Peptides/proteins are an important class of drugs which are usually administered by parenteral route. In recent years, pharmaceutical research has been directed towards developing a nonparenteral route of delivery of peptide/protein drugs. These studies report that it may be possible to administer the peptides/proteins especially insulin, by nasal, buccal, rectal, or even transdermal route. Therefore, there is a great potential for future development of a nonparenteral route of delivery of peptide/protein drugs. The primary objective of this review is to report the present status of research involving nonparenteral administration of macromolecular peptides/proteins, with special emphasis on insulin.
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000285:Administration, Rectal; D005123:Eye; D006801:Humans; D009824:Ointments; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D009824:Ointments; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D010455:Peptides; D011506:Proteins