title: Teratogenic effect of D-amphetamine sulphate: histodifferentiation and electrocardiogram pattern of mouse embryonic heart.
abstract: Pregnant albino mice (ICR random-bred strain) received daily injections of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight of D-amphetamine sulphate between days 9 and 11 of gestation. Parallel control animals were injected with saline solution. Treated mice were sacrificed on day 15 or 19 of gestation. The embryos were examined for gross malformations and direct embryonic ECG recordings were made; they were weighed, and their hearts were carefully dissected. Microscopic sections of the heart were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. It was found that high doses of D-amphetamine raised the incidence of mortality in the treated pregnant mice up to 40%. The resorption rate in the survivors was high (up to 58%) following the high dose of the drug. Up to 15% of the embryos from the treated groups showed gross malformations, including skeletal and eye malformations and exencephaly. The electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings in most 19-day-old embryos from both treated groups showed a pattern with prolonged Q-T interval (PQT), similar to that of control embryos in the intermediate developmental stages (days 14-16 of gestation). The ECG of control embryos (from day 17 on) resembled that of prenatal fetuses. Microscopically, the hearts of treated embryos showed a large number of undifferentiated cardiac myoblasts. It can be inferred that high doses of D-amphetamine affect embryonic development generally and delay the histodifferentiation of the myocardium, resulting in incomplete maturation of the cardiac muscles, thus leading to the immature ECG pattern, with PQT intervals.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine