title: Bisphosphorylated metabolites of glycerate, glucose, and fructose: functions, metabolism and molecular pathology.
abstract: 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, glucose 1,6-P2 and fructose 2,6-P2 have been recognized as regulatory signals implicated in the control of metabolism, oxygen affinity of red cells and other cellular functions. The alterations of their metabolism constitute a novel area in molecular pathology. The concentration of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes changes in a number of pathological conditions. An inherited deficiency of the multifunctional enzyme involved in the synthesis and breakdown of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes has been reported. The levels of glucose 1,6-P2 are reduced in the liver and in the muscle of rats with experimentally induced diabetes. In muscle of genetically dystrophic mice a decrease in the levels of glucose 1,6-P2 has been found, probably resulting from enhancement of glucose 1,6-P2 phosphatase activity. Fructose 2,6-P2 levels are decreased in the liver of experimental diabetic mice and rats, and elevated in the liver of genetically obese animals.
mesh_terms: D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D005635:Fructosediphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005958:Glucosephosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006598:Hexosediphosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004163:Diphosphoglyceric Acids; D005635:Fructosediphosphates; D005958:Glucosephosphates; D006598:Hexosediphosphates; C015891:glycerate 1,3-biphosphate; D019298:Glucose-6-Phosphate; C027652:fructose 2,6-diphosphate; C016473:glucose-1,6-bisphosphate