title: Intraoperative bupivacaine during outpatient hernia repair in children: a randomized double blind trial.
abstract: Postoperative pain is a major problem following surgery in the ambulatory child. A study was undertaken to test the effect of intraoperative bupivacaine on postoperative pain in children undergoing outpatient hernia repair. Ninety-nine children aged 1 to 7 years underwent outpatient inguinal herniorrhaphy under general anesthesia. Each was randomly assigned to receive bupivacaine (group 1) or saline (group 2), infiltrating the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves. Drug administration and patient evaluation were double-blinded. The groups were similar with respect to age, sex, side of procedure, and length of operation. In the immediate postoperative period, 17 group 1 patients required analgesics compared with 39 in group 2 (P less than .01); total codeine dosage was lower in group 1 (4.0 +/- 7.1 mg v 11.8 +/- 10.5 mg, P less than .05). Activity level 45 minutes after surgery (using a standardized scale) was greater in group 1 (P less than .05). Acetaminophen requirements at home were lower in group 1 on the day of surgery (3.1 +/- 4.3 mL v 5.7 +/- 7.4 mL, P less than .05) and over the following 48 hours (1.5 +/- 3.4 mL v 4.9 +/- 10.7 mL, P less than .05). Activity level at home on the day of surgery did not differ significantly between groups, but activity level over the following 48 hours was higher in group 1 (P less than .05). The two groups were similar with respect to all other parameters. We conclude that intraoperative bupivacaine decreases post-operative pain and analgesic use, and promotes early ambulation in children undergoing hernia repair.
mesh_terms: D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine