title: Botulinum toxin chemodenervation in infants and children: an alternative to incisional strabismus surgery.
abstract: Eighty-two children aged 13 years or younger were given injections of botulinum toxin for horizontal strabismus. Improvement was achieved in all but one patient. Children younger than 1 year or older than 6 years of age received only topical drop anesthesia and no sedation. Young children generally required low-dose ketamine sedation. The technique typically undercorrects, so reinjection was necessary in 85% of the patients. There were no systemic complications. Side effects, lasting up to a few weeks, included transient ptosis and hypertropia caused by involvement of other extraocular muscles.
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003714:Denervation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007649:Ketamine; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D013285:Strabismus / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine; D001905:Botulinum Toxins