title: Antagonism of xylazine hydrochloride-ketamine hydrochloride immobilization in guineafowl (Numida meleagris) by yohimbine hydrochloride.
abstract: The mean time to arousal (MTA), the mean time to sternal recumbency (MTSR) and the mean time to walking (MTW) were measured in 10 adult guineafowl (Numida meleagris) immobilized with a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (25 mg/kg). Yohimbine hydrochloride, given intravenously (1 mg/kg) at 40 min after the injection of the xylazine-ketamine, significantly shortened the MTA, the MTSR and the MTW compared to saline controls. Increasing the dosage of yohimbine to 2.5 mg/kg did not shorten recovery when compared to the lower dosage. No adverse effects were noted at either dosage of yohimbine. Yohimbine appeared to be a safe and effective antagonist of xylazine-ketamine immobilization in guineafowl and may prove useful in other avian species to produce more rapid recovery from xylazine-ketamine immobilization, xylazine sedation or xylazine overdosage.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007103:Immobilization; D007649:Ketamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D013843:Thiazines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D015016:Yohimbine; D007649:Ketamine