title: Urethral reconstruction in females.
abstract: The report of 4 female patients operated on for severe functional impairment of the urethra gives rise to a historical review of the development of bladder flap procedures. Two patients had urethral reconstruction with a rotary bladder flap and 2 patients had urethral lengthening according to Leadbetter. Indications, mechanisms of continence and technical aspects of both procedures are discussed.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*; D014524:Urethral Obstruction / Q000601:surgery; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000601:surgery; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000601:surgery