title: The role of routine outpatient cytological screening for early detection of carcinoma of the cervix in India.
abstract: Cytological evaluation of cervical smears has been carried out in 4,338 women attending the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department and Family Planning Clinic of Queen Mary's Hospital, Lucknow, India, since April 1971. The incidence of cervical dysplasia was found to be 4.6% (205 out of 4,338) in the series, while malignant smears were detected in 54 patients (1.2%). In five cases, malignant smears were encountered in women with apparently normal cervices, highlighting the advantage of exfoliative cytology in screening subjects without cervical pathology. The remaining 49 cases with malignant smears had lesions on the cervix that had been clinically diagnosed as carcinoma. The diagnosis of malignancy was confirmed by biopsy in all 54 cases showing malignant smears; however, in 10 cases clinically diagnosed as carcinoma of the cervix, and subsequently confirmed histologically, the diagnosis was missed by cytology, the smears being reported as inflammatory in seven and inadequate in three. Cytological evidence of herpes simplex infection was seen in the smears in 23 out of 54 cases of carcinoma, and trichomonal infection was present in 15, indicating some relationship of these infections with the development of neoplastic changes in the cervical epithelium. Eleven of the total 54 cases of carcinoma of the cervix were in the age group of 26-35 yr, and four were in subjects with only two children. This emphasizes the need for the routine cytologic screening of all child-bearing women with parities of two and above, regardless of their age, if any meaningful results are to be obtained in a cancer-screening program in India in view of the prevailing custom of early marriage.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002575:Uterine Cervicitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D014626:Vaginal Smears