title: Evaluation of the effects of opioid agonists and antagonists under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule in rats.
abstract: The effects of several opioid agonists and the opioid antagonist naloxone were examined in rats responding under a fixed-consecutive-number (FCN) schedule. Under this schedule, a reinforced response run consisted of responding eight or more times on one response lever, and then responding once on a second response lever. In one component of this schedule, an external discriminative stimulus signalled the completion of the response requirement on the first lever, whereas no stimulus change was programmed in the other. Morphine, l-methadone, U50488, ketocyclazocine, phencyclidine, and (+/-)N-allylnormetazocine decreased the percent of reinforced response runs (accuracy) under the FCN schedule without the external discriminative stimulus, but had no effect under the FCN schedule with the external discriminative stimulus. Naloxone and bremazocine, in contrast, had no effect on the accuracy of the discrimination under either FCN schedule. With the exception of bremazocine and U50488, which increased rates of responding at low doses, all drugs produced comparable decreases in rates of responding under both FCN schedules. During tests of antagonism, a 0.1 mg/kg dose of naloxone reversed completely the accuracy-decreasing effects produced by U50488 and morphine. The rate-decreasing effects of morphine and U50488 were reversed completely by a 0.01 and 1.0 mg/kg dose of naloxone, respectively. These results suggest that the addition of an external discriminative stimulus can modulate the disruptive effects of opioids, and that mu, sigma and some kappa agonists produce similar effects when evaluated under the FCN schedules.
mesh_terms: D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; D000818:Animals; D001575:Benzomorphans / Q000494:pharmacology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D003496:Cyclazocine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D016314:Ethylketocyclazocine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010620:Phenazocine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule
chemical_list: D001575:Benzomorphans; D009294:Narcotics; D011759:Pyrrolidines; D009270:Naloxone; D016314:Ethylketocyclazocine; D019900:3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; C012395:ketazocine; C012134:SK&F 10047; D009020:Morphine; C027248:bremazocine; D010620:Phenazocine; D003496:Cyclazocine; D008691:Methadone