title: The presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears in relation to the day of the menstrual cycle and the method of contraception.
abstract: The presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears was studied in a large series of women participating in a population screening program for cervical cancer, in relation to different time periods of the menstrual cycle and to the method of contraception practiced. In the total group of women studied, endometrial cells were present in an average of 12% of the cervical smears. In women who were menstruating cyclically, the percentage of cervical smears containing endometrial cells was not age dependent. Only in women over 52 years was a lower number of endometrium-positive cervical smears found: in postmenopausal women, 0.6% of smears were found to contain endometrial cells. In menstruating women, the frequency of endometrial cells in cervical smears was highest during the menses. After day four, through the proliferative phase, the percentages of cervical smears containing endometrial cells markedly decreased. During the secretory phase, an average of 2% of the smears contained endometrial cells; in the premenstrual phase (after day 25), the percentages of endometrial cell-positive smears rose again. When related to the method of contraception practiced, significant differences in the percentages of cervical smears with endometrial cells appeared. In women using oral hormonal contraceptives, the average numbers of smears containing endometrial cells for the whole cycle as well as for each period of the cycle were significantly lower. This phenomenon might be due to endometrial atrophy on the basis of prolonged use of oral hormonal contraceptives. In women wearing an intrauterine device, at any moment the frequencies of smears with endometrial cells present were significantly higher than the values found in women using any other method of contraception or not using contraceptives. The evaluation of cells originating from the endometrium requires considerable experience. The identification of endometrial cells can be made with greater confidence when the cytologist is aware of the exact date of the menstrual cycle and of the impact on the presence of endometrial cells in cervical smears caused by different methods of contraception.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003267:Contraception; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008875:Middle Aged; D014626:Vaginal Smears
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal