title: New approaches in risk assessment for carcinogens.
abstract: Methods are needed to improve the ability of biomonitoring and epidemiological studies to identify potential carcinogenic hazards and to quantify human risk. The limitations of pharmacokinetic models can be mitigated by the direct measurement of molecular markers of biologically effective dose of carcinogen. Parallel animal and human studies are recommended as a means of validating these markers.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens; D004247:DNA; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D004247:DNA