title: Evaluation of rare-earth markers using an in vitro ruminal fermentation system and effect of processing method on ruminal turnover of sized corn particles.
abstract: A two-stage in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment was conducted to determine the extent of marker migration and the effects of marker addition on digestibility. Fermentation studies were terminated either at the end of stage I, the fermentation phase, or stage II, the pepsin digestion phase. Treatment diets contained ytterbium-marked corn plus chopped Coastal bermudagrass hay and nonmarked corn plus chopped hay. After stage I of the in vitro ruminal fermentation, 90% of ytterbium was recovered. Of this, 8.8% of the ytterbium had migrated to the hay, 2% was recovered in the supernatant and 89.2% remained bound to the corn. After completion of both stages, 72% was recovered, of which 7.9% was bound to corn, 33.6% was bound to the hay, 1.1% was recovered in the stage I supernatant and 57.4% was associated with the acid pepsin supernatant. Dry matter digestion was not affected after stage I but after stage II, digestibility was decreased 7% due to marker addition. A ruminal-cannulated Holstein steer weighing approximately 680 kg was used to determine turnover rates from the rumen of liquid and five different particle sizes of corn. Corn from each of two processing methods was fractionated into five particle sizes by dry-sieving. The corn particles included steam-rolled corn (SRC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with dysprosium, SRC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with erbium, cracked corn (CC) retained on a 4-mm sieve and marked with yttrium, CC retained on a 2-mm sieve and marked with ytterbium, and CC retained on a 1-mm sieve and marked with samarium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization / Q000662:veterinary; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D005285:Fermentation; D008297:Male; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D015018:Ytterbium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D015018:Ytterbium