title: Coadministration of methylxanthines and inhibitor compounds potentiates teratogenicity in Xenopus embryos.
abstract: Inhibitors of DNA synthesis (hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside), protein synthesis (cycloheximide and emetine), and nucleic acid synthesis (5-fluorouracil) were administered with each of three methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine) to determine if teratogenic effects could be potentiated in Xenopus laevis embryos. The animals were exposed for 96 hours to methylxanthine and inhibitor concentrations that, alone, produced low percentages of malformations. Coadministration of caffeine or theophylline with each inhibitor greatly increased the incidence of malformed embryos. Similar potentiation was induced when theobromine and the protein synthesis inhibitors were tested. A lesser potentiative response was produced when theobromine and the nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor were administered together. Teratogenic potentiation did not occur when theobromine was administered in conjunction with the DNA synthesis inhibitors. Growth reduction in the treatments proved to be the most sensitive indicator of the potentiative effects. This study had two significant findings: the teratogenicity of the protein synthesis inhibitors was greatly increased upon coadministration with each methylxanthine, even though they are typically not very teratogenic by themselves, and coadministration of the DNA synthesis inhibitors with theobromine did not result in teratogenic potentiation. Additionally, this study serves as one method of validating the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX), since the results obtained concur with results from similar mammalian studies.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D004640:Emetine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013805:Theobromine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014970:Xanthines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D014970:Xanthines; D003561:Cytarabine; D002110:Caffeine; D003513:Cycloheximide; D013806:Theophylline; D013805:Theobromine; D005472:Fluorouracil; D006918:Hydroxyurea; D004640:Emetine