A balanced approach to the detection, characterisation and mechanism of the toxicity of industrial chemicals.
Several thousands of new chemical entities are synthesised each year in the laboratories of the world. Currently there are estimated to be some 100,000 substances used commercially of the 7 million chemicals recorded by chemical abstracts (Ca 1.5%). Public attention is mainly attracted to the potential life threatening and ill health effects of chemicals such as systemic poisoning, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity, although there are relatively few proven human chemical carcinogens, teratogens or mutagens. Many substances have been examined in animal toxicity studies for their acute toxic effects, far fewer for chronic toxic effects. The public's perception is that chemicals are toxic. In our laboratory, minimal to no lethal toxic effects were recorded for more than 60% of substances examined at doses below 2000 mg/kg/bwt by either oral or dermal routes. A similar spectrum of chemicals did not elicit skin or ocular irritant or skin sensitisation response in 70-80% of studies. Perversely although toxicity studies reasonably predict the probable human response following exposure, they are a focus of a strong public lobby supported by many scientists to curtail studies in experimental animals. Consequently, much effort is devoted towards the development of "alternative" in vitro and ex-vivo procedures. Often these are empirically based without consideration of the underlying fundamental physiology, biochemistry or toxic mechanism of action. Consequently there can be an over-estimation or expectation of their ability to predict potential toxicity. Attention is seldom directed towards the design requirements of the validation studies needed to test, performance and reproducibility and the evaluation of the parameters of sensitivity and specificity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
D000818:Animals; D002617:Chemical Industry; D005123:Eye / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D012449:Safety; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*
D007509:Irritants