title: Postoperative analgesia with intrapleural administration of bupivacaine-adrenaline.
abstract: Twenty-one patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy were studied with regard to the effect of intrapleural administration of bupivacaine-adrenaline solution on postoperative pain and ventilatory capacity. Administration of 10 or 20 ml of 2.5 mg/ml or 5 mg/ml bupivacaine solution resulted in complete analgesia in 143 of 159 administrations. Most patients experienced the maximal pain-relieving effect within 1-2 min and analgesia persisted as a rule for 3-5 h. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s increased after intrapleural analgesia on average by 56% and 46%, respectively, on the first postoperative day and by 35% and 51%, respectively, on the second day. There was no significant difference in the analgesic effect or in the effect on the ventilatory capacity between the 2.5 mg/ml or the 5 mg/ml solution, in either the 10 ml or the 20 ml dose. Placebo (NaCl) given intrapleurally had no effect on pain or on the ventilatory capacity. The plasma concentration of bupivacaine after intrapleural administration showed a wide interindividual variation, with considerably higher average values when the 5 mg/ml solution had been used than for the 2.5 mg/ml solution. Although no toxic effects were noted, a 2.5 mg/ml solution, which can be given in an initial dose of 20 ml and top-up doses of 10 ml at 3-6 h intervals, is recommended. In four patients minor pneumothorax developed when the catheter was introduced. The pneumothorax was easily evacuated, but underlines the need for great care when introducing the catheter.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010994:Pleura
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine