title: Abnormal carotid arteries in the velocardiofacial syndrome: a report of three cases.
abstract: Internal carotid arteries of unusual size and tortuosity were found before or at the time of pharyngeal flap surgery in three children who had the velocardiofacial syndrome with velopharyngeal insufficiency. In two cases, medial displacement of the arteries prevented surgery, and in the other, hypernasality persisted because only a narrow, asymmetrical flap could be raised. Medial displacement of the internal carotid arteries inhibits surgical treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency, necessitating treatment with a prosthetic speech device in such children. Since displacement and tortuosity may be associated findings in the velocardiofacial syndrome, the exact location of the internal carotids should be ascertained when pharyngeal flap surgery is planned.
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000473:pathology*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D011859:Radiography; D013577:Syndrome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy