title: Twenty-five-year experience with ventricular septal defect in infants and children.
abstract: Three hundred eighty-one children with isolated VSD were catheterized from 1960 through 1985, 228 of whom were first catheterized in the first year of life. Defect size was defined by the right-to-left ventricular systolic pressure ratio. Patients with small VSD had a good outcome, with no pulmonary vascular disease. Seventy-five percent of patients with moderate VSDs did not require surgery, and 58% had normal pulmonary artery pressures documented on a second catheterization. Of those patients with large VSDs who underwent serial catheterizations in the first year of life before surgery, 62% had partial closure, and pulmonary vascular resistance rose in 21%. None developed pulmonary vascular disease after surgery. Fewer large-restrictive than nonrestrictive VSDs required surgery in infancy (12% vs 51%; p less than 0.005), and more closed enough to never require surgery (62% vs 27%; p less than 0.005, chi square). Surgery is rarely necessary for patients with small and moderate-sized VSDs in the first year and is usually never necessary because of the expected decrease in size. Few patients with large-restrictive VSDs have an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, many defects decrease in size, and most patients never need surgery. Patients who have a nonrestrictive VSD have an excellent prognosis with appropriate management.
mesh_terms: D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000150:complications; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000150:complications