title: Propagation of beluga echolocation signals.
abstract: The propagation characteristics of high-frequency echolocation signals (peak energies above 100 kHz) of the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) were measured while the animal performed a target detection task. The whale was trained to station on a bite plate so that its transmission beam could be measured in the vertical and horizontal planes using hydrophone arrays. The transitional region between the acoustic near- and farfields was also located using an array of hydrophones that extended directly in front of the animal in the horizontal plane. Three distinct modes of signals were observed. Mode 1 signals had click intervals greater than the time required for the signals to travel to the target and back (two-way transit time). Mode 2 signals had click intervals shorter than the two-way transit time, and mode 3 signals had high repetition rates with an average click interval of 1.7 ms, approximately 2% of the two-way transit time. The average click intervals for the modes 1 and 2 signals were 193 and 44 ms, respectively. The vertical and horizontal beam patterns of the mode 1 signals had similar 3-dB beamwidths of approximately 6.5 degrees. The major axis of the vertical beam was directed approximately 5 degrees above the plane defined by the animal's teeth. The near- to farfield transition region was approximately 0.64-0.75 m from the tip of the animal's mouth.
authors: Naval Ocean Systems Center, Kailua, Hawaii 96734.
authors: W W
authors: WW
authors: Au
authors: R H
authors: RH
authors: Penner
authors: C W
authors: CW
authors: Turl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002591:Cetacea / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004455:Echolocation; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D014828:Vocalization, Animal; D014907:Whales / Q000502:physiology*