The umbilical cord twist: origin, direction, and relevance.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the origin, direction, and relevance of the umbilical cord twist. We initially hypothesized that the direction of the helix or twist of the human umbilical cord at birth correlated with the eventual handedness of the child. Among 2801 singleton placentas in this study, only 5% had no twist, and the left twist outnumbered the right twist by 7 to 1, a ratio that is strikingly similar to the predominance of right-handed persons to non-right-handed persons in the general population. Forty-five 3- and 4-year-old children with previously documented cord twists were evaluated with respect to hand preference and performance. The direction of the cord twist was independent of the handedness of the child as well as the mother. We have documented an increased incidence of absent twist and right twist in association with single umbilical artery, suggesting that the impetus for the cord twist is independent on hemodynamic forces in the umbilical cord itself. We further document an increased incidence of absent twist among intrauterine fetal deaths and twins, suggesting that decreased fetal movement can impede the forces leading to normal twisting of the umbilical cord. Absence of cord twist may be associated with adverse prognosis.
Lacro
R V
RV
Department of Pediatrics (Division of Dysmorphology), University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine.
Jones
K L
KL
Benirschke
K
K
D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010922:Placenta Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D014427:Twins; D014470:Umbilical Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology*