Tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the saliva of Inuit snuff dippers in the Northwest Territories of Canada.
Levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), nicotine and cotinine were estimated in the saliva of 20 snuff dippers (Inuit, Northwest Territories, Canada). Levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT) plus N-nitrosoanabiasine (NAB) found in the saliva following a 15-min period of keeping 0.5-1.5 g of moist snuff in the gingival groove are considerable: 115-2610 ppb NNN, 123-4560 ppb NAT + NAB, and up to 201 ppb NNK. The amount of TSNA in the saliva increases with the length of time that the snuff is kept in the mouth. The estimated total amount of 444 micrograms TSNA, the largest part of which will be swallowed, exceeds by far the amounts of nitrosamines ingested through drinking beer (0.34 micrograms/day), eating cured meat products (0.17 micrograms/day), or using cosmetics (0.41 micrograms/day). The relatively high levels of potentially carcinogenic TSNA in the saliva, together with the current popularity of snuff usage by teenagers, is of particular concern.
Brunnemann
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KD
Naylor Dana Institute for Disease Prevention, American Health Foundation, Valhalla, NY 10595.
Hornby
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AP
Stich
H F
HF
D002170:Canada; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D004930:Inuit; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis*; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000032:analysis*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000032:analysis*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000473:pathology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000032:analysis*
D009602:Nitrosamines; D011810:Quinoxalines; C045155:alpha-(1,4-dioxido-3-methylquinoxalin-2-yl)-N-methylnitrone; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine