Pharmacokinetics of inhaled anesthetics in humans: measurements during and after the simultaneous administration of enflurane, halothane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, and nitrous oxide.
To determine the relative washin and washout characteristics of isoflurane, enflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane, we administered all four anesthetics simultaneously (total = 1.1 MAC) to nine healthy patients for 2 hr. Concentrations of anesthetics in end-tidal gases were measured during washin and for 5-9 days during washout. Multiexponential (multicompartment) models were fit to the washin and washout curves using least-squares analysis. Slowly equilibrating compartments could only be identified during washout. For 27 of the 36 data sets, five-compartment models fit the washout curves significantly better than four-compartment models. The time constant for our first compartment is consistent with that predicted for washout of the lungs. Time constants for the second, third, and fifth compartments were consistent with current data for blood flows and solubilities of vessel-rich, muscle, and fat tissue groups, respectively. The fourth compartment has a time constant that lies between the time constants predicted for muscle and fat.
R L
RL
Carpenter
E I
EI
Eger
B H
BH
Johnson
J D
JD
Unadkat
L B
LB
Sheiner
D000328:Adult; D001944:Breath Tests; D004737:Enflurane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008733:Methoxyflurane / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
D008733:Methoxyflurane; D004737:Enflurane; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D006221:Halothane