3-Methylene-substituted androgens as novel aromatization inhibitors. Evidence of a requirement for C-3 oxygen in C-19 hydroxylations.
Substitution of a methylene group for the C-3 oxygen in androstenedione, testosterone, and the corresponding 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo derivatives results in a new category of inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis by human placental microsomes. The inhibition is of the competitive type with the most effective inhibitors being the 17-ketonic compounds, 3-methyleneandrost-4-en-17-one, 19-hydroxy-3-methyleneandrost-4-en-17-one, and 3-methylene-19-oxoandrost-4-en-17-one with apparent Ki values of 4.7, 13, and 24 nM, respectively. The 3-methylene derivatives of androstenedione and 19-hydroxyandrostenedione were effective substrates for the placental microsomal 17 beta-hydroxy-steroid oxidoreductase but were only marginally hydroxylated at the C-19 position to the respective 19-hydroxy and 19-oxo derivatives. The 3-methylene analogs are thus competitive inhibitors of aromatization but are not substrates for this enzyme complex. Time-dependent inhibition of aromatization by 10 beta-difluoromethylestr-4-ene-3,17-dione and 10 beta-(2-propynyl)estr-4-ene,3,17-dione was abolished by substitution of a methylene function for the C-3 oxygen, suggesting that the presence of an oxygen at C-3 is required for an oxidative transformation at C-19, an initial step in aromatization. The essential role of the C-19 hydroxylation in aromatization is supported by the observation that the 3-methylene derivatives of 19-hydroxy- and 19-oxoandrostenedione showed time-dependent inhibition, but the corresponding 19-methyl compound did not. The 3-methylene androgens are potent inhibitors of placental aromatization but are themselves only marginal substrates for the enzyme. Their high affinity for and inertness to the placental aromatase complex makes them valuable probes of the aromatization process.
Miyairi
S
S
Fishman
J
J
D000735:Androstenedione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008861:Microsomes / Q000201:enzymology; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology; D011247:Pregnancy; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D014316:Tritium
D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D045165:Testosterone Congeners; D014316:Tritium; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione