Reproducibility and predictive values of routine blood pressure measurements in children. Comparison with adult values and implications for screening children for elevated blood pressure.
A study of the variability of blood pressure was conducted among a total of 780 Massachusetts children, 335 children in East Boston and 445 children in Brookline, ages 8-18 years. All children had their blood pressure measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer in a school setting on four visits one week apart with three measurements per visit. In East Boston, repeat measurements were made for the same children for four consecutive years. A nested random effects model was used to estimate between- and within-visit variance components. For children aged 8-12 years, these were, respectively, 33.1, 12.0 in boys and 31.2, 11.1 in girls for systolic blood pressure and 57.7, 21.3 in boys and 56.6, 22.6 in girls for systolic muffling blood pressure (Korotkoff phase 4). For children aged 13-18 years of age, they were, respectively, 41.1, 11.8 in boys and 35.2, 12.2 in girls for blood pressure and 40.6, 15.5 in boys and 36.1, 11.4 in girls for diastolic blood pressure (Korotkoff phase 5). Within-person variability for systolic pressure was comparable to previously published data for 434 white adults ages 30-49 years not on antihypertensive medications; however, within-person variability for diastolic pressure was considerably higher in the children, accounting for over 75% of total variability among 8-12-year-old children, compared with 27% for adults. No meaningful effects of age, sex, or blood pressure level on variability of systolic pressure were found. However, age and level of blood pressure each had a large and independent inverse association with variability of diastolic pressure; variance components for younger children (ages 8-12 years) and children with low diastolic pressure (less than 60 mmHg) were approximately twice as large as for older children (ages 13-18 years) and children with diastolic pressure greater than or equal to 60 mmHg, respectively. Finally, predictive value estimates of blood pressure are provided for particular age-sex groups to enable one to efficiently identify children whose true mean level of blood pressure exceeds the 90th percentile for their age-sex group with minimum misclassification. Because of the substantial variability of diastolic pressure in young children, resulting in relatively low predictive value estimates, systolic pressure (either alone or in combination with diastolic pressure) may be more useful as the primary tool for screening children under age 13 years for high blood pressure.
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.
B
B
Rosner
N R
NR
Cook
D A
DA
Evans
M E
ME
Keough
J O
JO
Taylor
B F
BF
Polk
C H
CH
Hennekens
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D012306:Risk; D012737:Sex Factors