title: Oral cancer in Saudi Arabia: the role of alqat and alshammah.
abstract: The purpose of this retrospective clinical study is to look into the etiological role of alshammah and alqat consumption in the causation of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCHN) in Arabia. Alshammah and alqat are traditional forms of chewable tobacco very commonly used in southern Saudi Arabia and Yemem. In a 2 year period 64 patients with histologically proven SCHN were found. Most of them were originally from southern Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Of these 64 patients 52 (81%) admitted alshammah consumption. Of these 52 patients 22 admitted alqat consumption in addition. Thirty-eight (59%) had oral cancer, while the rest had pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. All the 38 patients with oral cancer either used alshammah alone (16 patients) or used both alshammah and alqat (22 patients). The median duration of alshammah consumption was 15 years and that of alqat was 12 years. Alcohol was not consumed among the group and only few were cigarette smokers. Most patients presented in the late stage of the disease. The evidence implicating alshammah and alqat in the causation of SCHN is only clinically based. Further controlled prospective clinical and experimental studies are needed to confirm the theory.
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless