title: Effects of 100-Hz magnetic fields with various waveforms on the development of chick embryos.
abstract: Chick embryos were exposed during their 52 first hours of development to 100-Hz magnetic fields. Sinusoidal, square and pulsed waveforms were used at average field strengths from 0.1 A/m to 80 A/m. After exposure, the embryos were examined for abnormalities and classified by the developmental stages. When bipolar oscillations (oscillating at both sides of the zero-level) were used, the percentage of abnormal embryos was significantly increased above 1 A/m. In exposure to unipolar square waves, no significant effect on the percentage of abnormalities could be demonstrated. The developmental stage was possibly affected by unipolar square waves at 0.1 A/m, all other field strengths and waveforms being apparently ineffective.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo / Q000502:physiology*; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D008280:Magnetics; D008722:Methods; D009991:Oscillometry