title: The contribution of alkylation to the activity of quinone antitumor agents.
abstract: Studies have shown that the quinone group can produce tumor cell kill by a mechanism involving active oxygen species. This cytotoxic activity can be correlated with the induction of DNA double strand breaks and is enhanced by the ability of the quinone compound to bind to DNA by alkylation. The cytotoxic activity and the production of DNA damage by model quinone antitumor agents were compared in L5178Y cells, sensitive and resistant to alkylating agents, to assess the contribution of alkylation to the activity of these agents. The resistant L5178Y/HN2 cells were found to be two fold and six fold more resistant to the alkylating quinones, benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard, respectively, than parent L5178Y cells. In contrast, the L5178Y/HN2 cells showed no resistance to the nonalkylating quinones, hydrolyzed benzoquinone mustard and bis(dimethylamino)benzoquinone. The alkylating quinones produced approximately two fold less cross-linking in L5178Y/HN2 cells compared with L5178Y sensitive cells. DNA double strand break formation by hydrolyzed benzoquinone mustard and bis(dimethylamino)benzoquinone was not significantly different in sensitive and resistant cells. However, the induction of double strand breaks by the alkylating quinones benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard was reduced by 5-fold and 15-fold, respectively, in L5178Y/HN2 cells. These results show that the alkylating activity of the alkylating quinones cannot directly explain all of the enhanced cytotoxic activity of these agents. Furthermore, they provide strong evidence that the enhanced formation of DNA double strand breaks by alkylating quinone agents is directly related to the ability of these agents to bind to DNA. This increased formation of strand breaks may account for the enhanced cytotoxic activity of the alkylating quinones.
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001483:Base Sequence / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002621:Chemistry; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D004351:Drug Resistance; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008466:Mechlorethamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D011809:Quinones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D011809:Quinones; D008466:Mechlorethamine; D004247:DNA