title: Convergence insufficiency, fixation disparity, and control systems analysis.
abstract: The diagnosis and management of convergence insufficiency (CI) is discussed through a control systems model of the combined accommodation and disparity vergence mechanisms. The emphasis is put on drawing definite clinical implications such that CI can be understood as a logical continuum from its etiology, through symptoms, signs, and finally through its treatment.
mesh_terms: D000221:Adaptation, Ocular; D003290:Convergence, Ocular; D004948:Esotropia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005133:Eye Movements; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013285:Strabismus / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013597:Systems Analysis