title: Some attempts to improve the nutritive value of urea for dairy cows. 3. Its adjunction to fermentable carbohydrates: starea.
abstract: Starea, an intimate mixture of gelatinized wheat starch and urea, was tested again urea with regard to the ammonia release in the rumen, the amount and composition of the nitrogen fraction reaching the intestine, the nitrogen and energy balances, and the performance of lactating cows. Maize silage was the basal feed in all experiments. The ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor was measured in two cows fitted with a permanent rumen cannula. The curve of the ammonia concentration was about the same with both nitrogen supplements, and peaked at about 250 mg/l (14.7 mmol/l) two hours postfeeding. Two dry cows fitted with a re-entrant cannula at 10 cm from the pylorus were fed with maize silage supplemented with increasing amounts of either urea or starea. The duodenal nitrogen flow rapidly levelled off with both supplements and no significant difference between them could be detected. The amount of ammonia in the duodenal digesta remained very low. Nitrogen digestibility measured in lactating cows was not noticeably affected when starea instead of urea was added to maize silage. However, nitrogen excretion in the urine tended to decrease, while nitrogen secretion in milk was augmented with starea. The digestibility of the rations and their metabolizable energy supply were not significantly affected, and milk production was quite the same with both supplements, apart from the higher amount of milk protein obtained with starea compared with urea. As a general conclusion from the whole work conducted on the nutritive value of urea for lactating cows, it can be stated that the decline in performance of the animals after substitution of urea for conventional protein is mainly due to a decrease of the metabolizable energy concentration in the diets. None of the attempts tested in an effort to improve the nutritive value of urea was able to overcome this difficulty.
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005527:Food, Fortified; D007774:Lactation; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012417:Rumen / Q000032:analysis; D012820:Silage; D014508:Urea
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D000641:Ammonia; D014508:Urea