title: Coupling between triangularis sterni and parasternals during breathing in dogs.
abstract: The purpose of the present studies was to assess the functional coupling between the parasternal intercostals and the triangularis sterni (transversus thoracis) muscles during resting breathing, and we measured the electrical activity and the respiratory changes in length of these two muscles in 13 supine anesthetized dogs. The changes in muscle length were defined relative to their respective in situ relaxation length (Lr). During inspiration, the parasternal intercostals were active and shortened below Lr, causing the triangularis sterni to be passively stretched above Lr. Shortly after the cessation of parasternal contraction, the triangularis sterni became active and shortened below Lr, and in nine animals this active shortening was associated with a forcible distension of the parasternal intercostals above Lr. Deactivation of the triangularis sterni at end expiration caused both muscles to return to their respective Lr. This pattern was essentially unchanged after supplemental anesthesia and bilateral phrenicotomy. We conclude that in dogs breathing quietly the length of the rib cage muscles during the expiratory pause is not passively determined as conventionally thought.
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004576:Electromyography; D007366:Intercostal Muscles; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D012119:Respiration; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena