title: Adjuvant treatment for early breast cancer: the Ludwig breast cancer studies.
abstract: The Ludwig Breast Cancer Study Group conducted four concomitant trials involving adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. In Ludwig I, adjuvant combination chemotherapy was used with or without prednisone to treat premenopausal and perimenopausal women with metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes. The impact of adding low-dose, continuous prednisone (7.5 mg/day) to an adjuvant, chemotherapy regimen of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) was investigated in a randomized trial of 491 premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with operable breast cancer and metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes. As a consequence of lower hematologic toxicity, a significantly higher dose of CMF could be administered with added prednisone (P less than 0.0001). However, at the 4-year median follow-up, no significant improvement was observed in disease-free survival (DFS) (73% vs. 77%; P = 0.35) or overall survival (OS) (both 86%; P = 0.73). Induced amenorrhea was associated with a longer DFS for younger patients, those who received lower CMF doses, and those with tumors that were estrogen receptor (ER) positive. In Ludwig III, adjuvant therapy was administered to younger postmenopausal women in a study of chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy versus endocrine therapy alone versus mastectomy alone. In this randomized trial of 463 postmenopausal women 65 years of age or younger with axillary node metastases, treatment with the combination of CMF plus low-dose prednisone and tamoxifen (CMFp + T), was compared to endocrine therapy alone (p + T) or to no further treatment after total mastectomy and axillary clearance. At a median follow-up of 4 years, the DFS was 61% for the CMFp + T group, compared with 48% for the p + T group (P = 0.01) and 31% for the observation group (P less than 0.0001). The 4-year OS rates were not statistically different (76%, 67%, and 68%, respectively; P = 0.30). Treatment with CMFp + T reduced local, regional, and distant metastases and was equally effective in improving DFS in patients with ER-positive or ER-negative tumors. In Ludwig II, chemotherapy was given with or without oophorectomy in premenopausal and perimenopausal patients with metastases in 4 or more axillary nodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D011241:Prednisone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013557:Switzerland; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D013629:Tamoxifen; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D011241:Prednisone; D008727:Methotrexate