title: Retinopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to disease activity.
abstract: Forty-three patients taking chloroquine for systemic lupus erythematosus were followed by one ophthalmologist over a 5-year period. Visual field testing, color vision testing, and fluorescein angiography were performed. Retinopathy was detected in 7 patients (16%), none of whom had hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Retinal abnormalities included cotton-wool spots in 4 patients, microaneurysms in 3, and vascular tortuosity in 4. In 4 patients, these abnormalities were associated with retinal dysfunction, measured in terms of abnormal hue discrimination. In 6 of the 7 patients, the finding of retinopathy coincided with a flare of lupus activity. In 5 patients, retinopathy improved when the disease was controlled.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D058609:Visual Field Tests