title: Calcium release from calmodulin and its C-terminal or N-terminal halves in the presence of the calmodulin antagonists phenoxybenzamine and melittin measured by stopped-flow fluorescence with Quin 2 and intrinsic tyrosine. Inhibition of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.
abstract: Calcium dissociation from the C-terminal and N-terminal halves of calmodulin, intact bovine brain calmodulin and the respective phenoxybenzamine complexes or melittin complexes was measured directly by stopped-flow fluorescence with the calcium chelator Quin 2 and, when possible, also by protein fluorescence using endogenous tyrosine fluorescence by mixing with EGTA. Calcium dissociation from the C-terminal half of calmodulin, which contains only the two high-affinity calcium-binding sites, and from intact calmodulin was monophasic, with good correlation of the rates of calcium dissociation obtained by the two methods. The apparent rates with Quin 2 and endogenous tyrosine fluorescence were 13.4 s-1 and 12.8 s-1, respectively, in the C-terminal half and 10.5 s-1 and 10.8 s-1, respectively, in intact calmodulin (pH 7.0, 25 degrees C, 100 mM KCl). Alkylation of the C-terminal half resulted in a biphasic calcium dissociation (Quin 2: kobs 1.90 s-1 and 0.73 s-1 respectively; tyrosine: kobs 1.65 s-1 and 0.61 s-1 respectively). Alkylation of intact calmodulin resulted in a four-phase calcium dissociation measured with Quin 2 (kobs 85.3 s-1, 11.1 s-1, 1.92 s-1 and 0.59 s-1); the latter two phases are assumed to represent calcium release from high-affinity sites since they correspond to the biphasic tyrosine fluorescence change in intact alkylated calmodulin (kobs 2.04 s-1 and 0.53 s-1 respectively) and the rate parameters determined in the C-terminal half. Evidently perturbation of the calcium-binding sites by alkylation reduces the rate of calcium dissociation and allows a distinction to be made between dissociation from each of the two high-affinity sites as well as the distinct conformational change on dissociation of each calcium. Alkylation of the N-terminal half resulted in biphasic calcium release with rates (kobs 153 s-1 and 10.9 s-1 respectively) similar to those observed in intact alkylated calmodulin. The rates of calcium dissociation from calmodulin-melittin or fragment-melittin complexes, measured with Quin 2, were slower and monophasic in the C-terminal half (kobs 1.12 s-1), biphasic in the N-terminal half (kobs 140 s-1 and 26.8 s-1 respectively) and triphasic in intact calmodulin (kobs 126 s-1, 12.1 s-1 and 1.38 s-1). Calmodulin antagonists thus increase the apparent calcium affinity of high and low-affinity sites mainly due to a reduced calcium 'off rate', presumably because of conformation restrictions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000818:Animals; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D008555:Melitten / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D011487:Protein Conformation / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000201:enzymology; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D001514:Bee Venoms; D002147:Calmodulin; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D010643:Phenoxybenzamine; D008555:Melitten; D014443:Tyrosine; C035739:Quin2; D002118:Calcium