Detection of inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis using oocytes of Xenopus laevis microinjected with the herpes thymidine kinase gene.
We have developed an assay that measures the inhibition of protein synthesis and can be used in conjunction with a whole embryo bioassay that detects the ability of a chemical to cause fetotoxicity, malformation and abnormal growth. The assay involves microinjecting the herpes thymidine kinase gene into stage 6 oocytes of Xenopus laevis then exposing the oocytes to a test compound for 18-24 h. The inhibition of thymidine kinase (TK) expression caused by an inhibitor is then measured by simple enzyme assay. Protein synthesis inhibitors such as cycloheximide, puromycin and emetine all inhibited TK synthesis. Concentrations of cycloheximide (1.4 X 10(-4) mg/ml) and puromycin (0.04 mg/ml) near the 96 h embryo LC50 inhibited thymidine kinase expression by 78% and 97%, respectively but emetine (0.01 mg/ml) had no effect. However, 0.1 mg/ml emetine inhibited TK synthesis by almost 50%. The RNA synthesis inhibitor, actinomycin D (0.013 mg/ml) inhibited TK expression by 61%. DNA synthesis inhibitors hydroxyurea (2.0 mg/ml), cytosine arabinoside (2.0 mg/ml) and ethidium bromide (0.02 mg/ml) failed to inhibit the expression of the TK gene even though these concentrations were near the 96 h embryo LC50. The whole embryo bioassay cannot differentiate the DNA synthesis inhibitors from the RNA and protein synthesis inhibitors but the oocyte assay can. This type of molecular test data can help separate classes of teratogens such as DNA synthesis inhibitors from nonteratogenic compounds such as protein synthesis inhibitors and allow the extrapolation of test data to other species.
D000818:Animals; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004640:Emetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004996:Ethidium / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005796:Genes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology; D008845:Microinjections; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011691:Puromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014981:Xenopus
D003561:Cytarabine; D003609:Dactinomycin; D011691:Puromycin; D003513:Cycloheximide; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D004996:Ethidium; D006918:Hydroxyurea; D004640:Emetine