title: Carcinogenicity of sodium dichromate and chromium (VI/III) oxide aerosols inhaled by male Wistar rats.
abstract: In inhalation chambers, male Wistar rats of the strain TNO-W74 were continuously exposed to submicron aerosols of sodium dichromate and to a pyrolyzed Cr(VI)/Cr(III) (3:2) oxide mixture. The sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) aerosol had the chromium concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 micrograms/m3, the chromium oxide mixture (Cr5O12) had the chromium concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. After 18 months of inhalation the rats were held under conventional conditions for a further year. The experimental groups consisted of 20 rats and the control group of 40 rats. More than 90% of the rats in each group reached 2 years. At the end of the study the mortality rates amounted to 35%, 45% and 25% in the 3 sodium dichromate aerosol groups, respectively, and 50% in the chromium oxide mixture aerosol group, which was not significantly different from that of the controls (42.5%), living under the same conditions in filtered fresh air. In all sodium dichromate exposed groups significant effects were neither found clinically nor from hematology and clinical chemistry compared to the controls. In the chromium oxide mixture group, however, there was a number of significant findings. Elevated white and red blood cell counts and serum cholesterol as well as decreased serum total immunoglobulin levels at different stages of the study were observed together with few local lung effects determined histopathologically in this group. We assume that these effects are mainly due to the increased chromium lung burden of the rats. At the end of the study the lung chromium retention was about 10 times higher for the rats exposed to chromium oxide versus sodium dichromate at an aerosol Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3, while the kidney chromium retention was measured to be nearly equal in both groups. Three primary lung tumors (2 adenomas and 1 adenocarcinoma) and 1 malign tumor of the pharynx were found at the highest Cr-concentration (100 micrograms/m3) of the sodium dichromate aerosol, 1 primary adenoma of the lung was in the chromium oxide mixture group exposed also to a Cr-concentration of 100 micrograms/m3. No primary lung tumors were observed in the other experimental and control groups. These results indicate a weak carcinogenicity at 100 micrograms/m3 for the rats continuously exposed to submicron Na2Cr2O7 and Cr5O12 aerosols. Thus, there may be a small carcinogenic risk from occupational relevant chromium air levels. However, results have to be confirmed with larger animal populations.
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002273:Carcinogens; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002840:Chromates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D004906:Erythrocyte Count / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D002273:Carcinogens; D002840:Chromates; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D002857:Chromium; D002784:Cholesterol; C016104:sodium bichromate; C023600:chromic oxide