title: Teratogenicity of paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) in C57BL/6J mice.
abstract: The teratogenicity of caffeine, as well as two of its three dimethylated metabolites (theobromine and theophylline), has been established in animal studies. The third metabolite, paraxanthine, has not been reported as being tested for teratogenicity even though it is actually the major demethylated metabolite of caffeine metabolism in man. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were treated i.p. with 175 or 300 mg/kg/day paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) dissolved in deionized water at 4 p.m. on day 11 and 9 a.m. on day 12 of gestation. All dams were sacrificed on day 18, and fetuses were fixed for Wilson's razor blade sectioning or double-staining skeletal examination. A dose-related increase in total malformations, primarily cleft palate and limb malformations, was found. The pattern of malformations was similar to that reported for caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline, i.e., an asymmetric response with the left forelimb most often affected. A 21% resorption and a 46% malformation rate was observed at 300 mg/kg/day of paraxanthine, indicating that paraxanthine was slightly less toxic to the embryo than caffeine. Therefore, the parent compound, caffeine, as well as all three of its dimethylated metabolites--paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine--are teratogenic.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000633:toxicity; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011247:Pregnancy; D013805:Theobromine / Q000633:toxicity; D013806:Theophylline / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D013806:Theophylline; D013805:Theobromine; C021183:1,7-dimethylxanthine