title: High chronic ambient temperature stress effects on broiler acid-base balance and their response to supplemental ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium carbonate.
abstract: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of heat stress on acid-base status and the birds' response to supplemental KCl and KCO3. The corn-soybean meal fish-meal basal ration (.73% K+) contained more K+ and Cl- than is recommended by the National Academy of Sciences for chicks reared under near optimal conditions (24 C and 55% relative humidity). Chicks reared under continuous thermostress (35 C, 70% relative humidity) exhibited panting phase blood alkalosis (pH of 7.46). Supplementing drinking water with .2% NH4Cl reduced panting phase blood pH to normal values and increased live weight gain (23%) and feed efficiency (7.7%). Supplementing drinking water with .15% KCl also increased (P less than .05) live weight gain (46%) and feed efficiency (15.4%) but did not affect (P less than .46) blood pH. A significant (P less than .01) interaction existed between NH4Cl and KCl for body weight gain. Adding .2% NH4Cl to broiler drinking water reduced the level of KCl required in drinking water to optimize weight gain to .1% KCl. Potassium chloride alone, or with NH4Cl, can alleviate some consequences of heat stress, but supplementing drinking water with a high level of NH4Cl (.5%) decreased (P less than .05) blood pH to acidotic levels and reduced body weight gain. Potassium chloride supplementation exacerbated NH4Cl toxicity. Potassium carbonate reduced (P less than .05) body weight gain indicating that the response may not be attributed to K+ alone. Beneficial effects of NH4Cl therapy for heat stressed broilers are speculative.
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects*; D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002254:Carbonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002254:Carbonates; D000643:Ammonium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; C037593:potassium carbonate; D011188:Potassium