title: Surgical therapy.
abstract: Conventional stone operations have decisively receded into the background due to modern methods of stone removal, e.g., extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and endoscopic stone removal. The disadvantages of these modern methods are discussed. Because there are no complications by the conventional technics, which are still practised, the technical details are also discussed.
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000601:surgery*; D007682:Kidney Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D008722:Methods; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000601:surgery*