title: Treatment of blepharospasm with medication, surgery and type A botulinum toxin.
abstract: A total of 39 patients with essential blepharospasm and 2 patients with hemifacial spasm were treated with one or more forms of therapy. All patients underwent neurologic and ophthalmic assessment to rule out ocular causes of blepharospasm. Thirty-six patients were given a trial of various medications. Only one patient was successfully treated: her condition was markedly improved with pimozide after benztropine mesylate, clonazepam and amantadine hydrochloride had failed to help. Patients who did not respond to drug therapy were offered the option of undergoing eyebrow-eyelid muscle stripping surgery. The six patients who underwent surgery showed considerable improvement; however, side effects such as frontal anesthesia, exposure keratitis, lagophthalmus, scarring and eyelid malposition occurred, and three of the six had residual spasm. At this point type A botulinum toxin became available. A total of 27 patients (26 who did not respond to drug therapy, including the 3 with residual spasm after surgery, and 1 previously untreated patient) received type A botulinum toxin injections. Most experienced rapid relief from their spasms. The beneficial effects lasted weeks to months, and there were no major side effects. Treatment with type A botulinum toxin appears to be a safe and effective means of temporarily relieving blepharospasm. The long-term results with repeated injections are yet to be determined.
mesh_terms: D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000139:chemically induced; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced; D010868:Pimozide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010868:Pimozide; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D001418:Baclofen