title: Association of Turner syndrome with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome.
abstract: Three cases of hypoplastic left-heart syndrome (HLH) associated with Turner syndrome (45,X) were seen during an 11-year interval. Several isolated case reports are present in the literature. This association is probably not fortuitous but, rather, may represent the most extreme form of a spectrum of left-sided heart anomalies seen in patients with Turner syndrome. The association of Turner syndrome with HLH, as well as other known genetic etiologies of HLH, underscores the need for a detailed genetic evaluation in all patients with HLH and argues for cytogenetic analysis for even nondysmorphic females with HLH.
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000002:abnormalities; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D013577:Syndrome; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*