title: Pulmonary embolism in post-mortem material with clinical correlations in 425 cases.
abstract: 425 patients with pulmonary emboli at post mortem were studied retrospectively with the main focus on the clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolus was made or suspected while the patient was still alive in 59 patients (14%) and was first written in the post mortem request form in 130 patients (30%). In 236 patients (56%) the diagnosis was made only at post mortem. Even in fatal emboli the diagnosis was missed in 43% of cases. A multiplicity of non specific symptoms and signs was observed with a minority of patients showing signs and symptoms considered as typical. Of 231 thrombophlebitis processes found in locations which could give rise to clinical symptoms in the lower extremities the diagnosis was noted only in 25 cases. Chest x-ray and ECG were negative in two thirds of the cases. The high rate of misdiagnosis derived from two reasons: (a) subjective factors: lack of awareness; (b) objective difficulties: lack of specificity of clinical symptoms and signs as well as of results of the routine tests (chest x-ray and ECG). Since sophisticated confirmative tests for pulmonary emboli will be performed only on the basis of clinical suspicion, clinical awareness based on the observations detailed in this survey is still the cornerstone of diagnosis.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013924:Thrombophlebitis / Q000150:complications