title: The effectiveness of S9 and microsomal mix on activation of cyclophosphamide to induce genotoxicity in human lymphocytes.
abstract: Comparative results are presented on the effectiveness of rat-liver S9 or microsomal mix (M mix) in activating cyclophosphamide (CP) and its ability to induce a clastogenic effect in human lymphocytes in vitro. Structural chromosome changes were analysed exclusively in 1st division (M1) metaphases post-exposure. A high genotoxic response was observed for both metabolizing systems used. With an exposure of 2 h to different concentrations of S9 or M mix, the highest aberration yields were always found for the highest protein content. For CP treatment times of 1, 2 or 4 h together with S9 mix (protein content 10 mg/ml) or M mix (4 mg/ml), the latter was more efficient. With both systems, a lower clastogenic effect of CP was found at 4 h exposure than at 1 h or 2 h. Only a weak cytotoxic effect, reflected mainly by the reduction in the percentage of 3rd cycle cells (M3), and measured in terms of the proportion of M1, M2 and M3 cells, was induced by both systems.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D009153:Mutagens; D009154:Mutation; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide