Myocardial protection in the neonatal heart. A comparison of topical hypothermia and crystalloid and blood cardioplegic solutions.
Myocardial protection achieved during 2 hours of ischemic arrest was evaluated in 45 isolated, blood perfused, neonatal (1 to 5 days) piglet hearts. Comparisons were made among five methods of myocardial protection: Group I, topical cooling; Group II, hyperosmolar (450 mOsm) low-calcium (0.5 mmol/L) crystalloid cardioplegia; Group III, St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegia; Group IV, cold blood cardioplegia with potassium (21 mmol/L), citrate-phosphate-dextrose (calcium level 0.6 mmol/L), and tromethamine; and Group V, cold blood cardioplegia with potassium alone (16 mmol/L) (calcium level 1.2 mmol/L). Hemodynamic recovery (percent of the preischemic stroke work) after 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion was 82.9% and 86.7% in Group I, 35.7% (p less than 0.0001) and 43.7% (p less than 0.0001) in Group II, 76.1% and 77.7% in Group III, 67.4% (p less than 0.05) and 60.6% (p less than 0.05) in Group IV, and 110.7% and 100.6% in Group V.


CONCLUSIONS
Topical cooling is an effective method of myocardial protection in the neonate. Cold blood cardioplegia with potassium alone and a normal calcium level provides optimal functional recovery. The improved protection obtained with both crystalloid and blood cardioplegia with normal calcium levels suggests an increased sensitivity of the neonatal heart to the calcium level of the cardioplegic solution.
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000601:surgery*; D001639:Bicarbonates; D001769:Blood; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013552:Swine / Q000601:surgery*
D001639:Bicarbonates; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D017680:Potassium Compounds; C041711:St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution; C018369:potassium cardioplegic solution; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride; D008274:Magnesium; D002122:Calcium Chloride; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium