title: Beneficial effects of ibuprofen on experimental microvascular free flaps: pharmacologic alteration of the no-reflow phenomenon.
abstract: Pharmacologic alteration of the no-reflow phenomenon was determined based on increased tolerance to ischemia in ibuprofen-treated free flaps. Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 60) were divided into control (lactated Ringer's) and treated (ibuprofen) groups and subdivided into six groups of ischemia: 1 hour, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, and 14 hours of ischemia. Fluorescein uptake was measured after 10, 30, and 60 minutes following microrevascularization. Dye elimination studies were done for each ischemia group that demonstrated good fluorescein uptake. All free flaps in the 1-, 6-, and 8-hour groups survived. The ibuprofen-treated 10- and 12-hour flaps all survived, whereas the 10-hour control and 14-hour ibuprofen-treated free flaps failed to survive. Despite high fluorescein uptake, the 14-hour ibuprofen-treated flaps did not eliminate the fluorescein, whereas all surviving free flaps adequately eliminated the fluorescein. Failure to eliminate dye despite adequate uptake suggested a deranged microcirculation with increasing ischemia time. By inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as ibuprofen may block the untoward effects mediated by thromboxane A2, such as vasoconstriction, microvasculature thrombus formation, and intravascular sludging. These effects are theorized in part to be responsible for the failure of a free flap to survive despite revascularization.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D019793:Fluorescein; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006207:Half-Life; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007511:Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D005452:Fluoresceins; D019793:Fluorescein; D007052:Ibuprofen