title: Centrifugation redistributes factors determining cleavage patterns in leech embryos.
abstract: In the normal development of glossiphoniid leech embryos, cytoplasmic reorganization prior to the first cleavage generates visibly distinct domains of yolk-deficient cytoplasm, called teloplasm. During an ensuing series of stereotyped and unequal cell divisions, teloplasm is segregated primarily into cell CD of the two-cell stage and then into cell D of the four-cell and eight-cell stages. The subsequent fate of cell D is also unique in that it alone undergoes further cleavages which generate five bilateral pairs of embryonic stem cells, the mesodermal (M) and ectodermal (N, O/P, O/P, and Q) teloblasts. Here we report studies on the effects of centrifugation on cleavage pattern and protein composition of individual blastomeres of the leech Helobdella triserialis. Centrifugation partially stratifies the cytoplasm of each cell, generating a layer of clear cytoplasm in cell CD derived largely from teloplasm. After centrifuging embryos at the two-cell stage, clear cytoplasm present in cell CD and normally inherited by cell D is redistributed and can be inherited by both cells C and D at the second cleavage. The developmental fates of cells C and D in centrifuged embryos correlate with the amount of clear cytoplasm they receive. In particular, when clear cytoplasm has been distributed roughly equally between the two cells, both cell C and cell D undergo further cleavages resembling the pattern of divisions normally associated with cell D. Likewise, non-yolk-associated proteins, normally found in higher quantities in cell D than in cell C, appear evenly disbursed between the two cells under conditions which induce this fate change. These results are consistent with the idea that the fates of cells C and D are influenced by the distribution or cellular localization of cytoplasmic components.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002455:Cell Division; D002498:Centrifugation; D002970:Cleavage Stage, Ovum / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000166:cytology; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D007865:Leeches / Q000196:embryology*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins