Behavioral study of chemoreception in the sea star Marthasterias glacialis: structure-activity relationships of lactic acid, amino acids, and acetylcholine.
Behavioral responses of Marthasterias glacialis to low molecular compounds were studied under laboratory conditions. Feeding postures, stomach eversions and locomotion of initially inactive animals can be released with very dilute solutions of lactic acid, neutral 2 and 3 carbon amino acids, L isomers of 4 to 6 carbon neutral amino acids, L-arginine, acetylcholine iodide, and several of their analogues. Hunger was induced by temporary withdrawal of food. Responsiveness to feeding stimuli was controlled with L-cysteine and L-leucine. The lowest behavioral thresholds for the most effective feeding stimuli were 3 X 10(-11) mol/l for both enantiomers of lactic acid, 10(-8) mol/l for L-proline and both enantiomers of cysteine and 10(-7) mol/l for acetylcholine iodide and some of the effective neutral amino acids. The behavioral threshold values for chemical stimuli differed by a factor between 30 and 100 in different sea stars. The test concentration was 3 X 10(-7) mol/l, the level at which L-cysteine elicited a complete feeding response from all the animals. Structure-activity comparison of substances less effective than the control stimulus was thus possible. The behavioral threshold of fully effective substances was determined later. The independence of receptor mechanisms for different substances can be inferred as: L-cysteine controlled responsiveness is not always accompanied by responsiveness to neutral amino acids. Autotomized marthasterias arms crawled after stimulation with lactic acid, cysteine, and acetylcholine iodide but did not respond to the feeding stimuli betaine and L-proline. An animal became inactive if electric shocks were paired with L-proline or L-cysteine emanating from an 'electric' food model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002628:Chemoreceptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D007773:Lactates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019344:Lactic Acid; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D013215:Starfish / Q000502:physiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
D000596:Amino Acids; D007773:Lactates; D019344:Lactic Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine