title: Central projections of primary vestibular fibers in the bullfrog: I. The vestibular nuclei.
abstract: The central projections of the vestibular end organs in the bullfrog Rana calesbeiana were analyzed by using horseradish peroxidase labeling of the primary vestibular afferents. Separate extracellular injections were made of the anterior branch, the posterior branch, the ampullary nerve of each of the three semicircular canals, and the branch to the saccule. The anterior and posterior branches of the bullfrog eighth nerve, each containing both vestibular and auditory fibers, merge and enter the brain stem as a single nerve root. The thin caliber fibers of the anterior branch enter the brain stem on the ventral-posterior aspect of the nerve and immediately divide dichotomously into ascending (rostral) and descending (caudal) branches. The thick caliber fibers of the anterior branch enter the brain stem on the ventral-anterior aspect of the eighth nerve and traverse medially into the alar plate before dividing into ascending and descending branches. The primary afferent fibers of the vestibular nerve innervate an ipsilateral area of the brain stem which extends caudally from the rhombencephalon at the level of the twelfth nerve nucleus and rostrally up to and including the cerebellar nucleus and the cerebellum. The following vestibular nuclei can be identified by the fact that they receive primary vestibular afferents: the ventral vestibular nucleus, medial vestibular nucleus, descending vestibular nucleus, superior vestibular nucleus, and cerebellar nucleus. The dorsal (acoustic) nucleus, which receives primary auditory input, also receives afferents from the saccule. In addition to these nuclei, the cerebellum and the reticular formation receive significant primary input from the various vestibular receptors. The primary vestibulo-cerebellar fibers terminate mainly among the granular cells of the lobus auricularis and of the corpus cerebelli on the ipsilateral side. Each of the three semicircular canals projects into the cerebellum, while no such projection was observed in the saccular nerve preparations. Fibers from each of the three semicircular canals project to all of the vestibular nuclei. Heavily labeled large neurons, presumably vestibular efferents, are seen in the ipsilateral reticular formation, adjacent to the seventh motor nucleus.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002529:Cerebellar Nuclei / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005930:Glossopharyngeal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011892:Rana catesbeiana / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012154:Reticular Formation / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012444:Saccule and Utricle / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012453:Saimiri / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014725:Vestibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D014726:Vestibular Nuclei / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D000159:Vestibulocochlear Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology