title: Acute and sublethal effects of organotin compounds on aquatic biota: an interpretative literature evaluation.
abstract: The objectives of this review were to: (1) collect, synthesize, and interpret acute and sublethal organotin toxicity data in both freshwater and estuarine-marine ecosystems; (2) present environmental water column and sediment concentrations of organotin compounds in both freshwater and estuarine-marine systems to facilitate interpretation of toxicity data; and (3) identify deficiencies in available data to recommend areas of future research for assessing ecological effects of organotin compounds in aquatic systems. The following recommendations are suggested: (1) evaluation of the bioavailability of organotin compounds in aquatic systems; (2) assessment of the relationship between physicochemical characteristics of organotin compounds and subsequent toxicity effects on aquatic organisms; (3) determination of organotin effects on food chains; (4) evaluation of the specific mechanisms and modes of toxicity for organotin compounds with aquatic biotia; (5) evaluations of the adaptive responses of aquatic biota to organotins; (6) measurement of organotin concentrations in testing chambers throughout toxicity tests using peer-reviewed analytical techniques (nominal concentrations can provide misleading data); (7) assessment of long-term "low level" exposures of organotin compounds on histological, histochemical, behavioral, and physiological responses of aquatic biota; and (8) toxicity assessment of plasticizer organotin compounds to aquatic biota.
mesh_terms: D000663:Amphibians; D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods; D056890:Eukaryota; D005399:Fishes; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008974:Mollusca; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis; D001468:Thoracica; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014873:Water Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical