title: Human insulin.
abstract: The two human insulins of clinical importance are (a) semisynthetic human insulin prepared from pork pancreas by enzymatically substituting threonine for alanine-the last amino acid in the beta chain-thereby transforming pork insulin in vitro to human insulin; and (b) biosynthetic human insulin synthesized biotechnologically in Escherichia coli-K12. Using this latter technique, it is possible to produce mass quantities of highly purified insulin for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetics, avoiding the problems inherent in supplies of insulin produced from animal pancreas. It has been suggested that to avoid confusion the two human insulins should be called semisynthetic human insulin of pork origin and biosynthetic human insulin of E. coli origin, respectively. These insulins have four advantages over highly purified animal insulins: (a) they induce lower titers of circulating insulin antibodies; (b) their subcutaneous injection is associated with fewer skin reactions; (c) they are absorbed more rapidly from the injection site; and (d) less degradation occurs at the site of injection. These data indicate that newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes, particularly in children, should be treated with either of the two human insulins. The warranty against inadequate supplies of insulin offered by biosynthetic human insulin makes the use of pork insulins unnecessary and beef insulins totally useless.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004274:DNA, Recombinant; D007328:Insulin