title: NMR studies of intracellular sodium ions in amphibian oocytes, ovulated eggs, and early embryos.
abstract: 23Na NMR, in combination with an anionic paramagnetic shift reagent dysprosium bis(tripolyphosphate), has been used to study intracellular Na+ in Rana oocytes, ovulated eggs, and early cleavage embryos. The technique allows accurate and simultaneous determination of both extracellular space and intracellular Na+ concentration. In prophase-arrested, follicle-enclosed oocytes, only about 17% of the total oocyte Na+ (approximately 40 mmol/kg of cells) was NMR-visible. Homogenizing oocytes in 0.24 M sucrose did not significantly affect the 23Na resonance. About 30% of the total oocyte Na+ was associated with the yolk platelets isolated at room temperature by differential centrifugation. NMR analysis, however, did not yield a detectable 23Na signal from these intact platelets. Thus, while yolk platelets are rich in Na+, this Na+ does not contribute to the oocyte 23Na NMR signal. Denuded oocytes, obtained by removing the follicular epithelium, gained about 10 mmol of total Na+/kg of cells and exhibited a comparable increase in NMR-visible Na+, suggesting the existence of compartments with varying degree of NMR visibility within the oocyte. Partially relaxed 23Na Fourier transform NMR spectra revealed the existence of at least two major intracellular compartments of NMR-visible Na+ with different magnetic environments and relaxation behavior in denuded oocytes. Since platelet Na+ appears to be NMR-invisible, one of the two observed compartments may be the nucleus. Progesterone action on the amphibian oocyte caused measurable changes in NMR-visible Na+. By ovulation (second metaphase), there is a gain in total egg Na+, and the NMR-visible Na+ is also increased. Following fertilization, however, there is some loss of total cell Na+ but, by the 2-4 cell stage, about 70% of the total Na+ becomes NMR-visible. These results indicate that a sizable fraction of the Na+ in follicle-enclosed, prophase oocyte is sequestered and located in NMR-invisible compartments and that changes in NMR-visible intracellular Na+ occur following hormonal and developmental stimuli.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005775:Gastrula / Q000032:analysis*; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000032:analysis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008677:Metaphase; D009865:Oocytes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010060:Ovulation; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011418:Prophase; D011894:Rana pipiens; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D012964:Sodium