Blepharospasm and Meige syndrome: a review of diagnostic, aetiological and treatment approaches.
No known pathophysiological mechanism can explain the majority of cases of blepharospasm, i.e. spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle; it may also affect the lower face, neck and jaw--Meige syndrome. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, and surgery should be a last resort for severe cases. Much more clinical research will be required before promising behavioural interventions, including biofeedback, can be considered treatments of choice.
D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000502:physiology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000503:physiopathology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008094:Lithium / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D008538:Meige Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000601:surgery; D011574:Psychoanalytic Theory; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl / Q000627:therapeutic use
D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D014282:Trihexyphenidyl; D008094:Lithium; D000109:Acetylcholine; D013747:Tetrabenazine