title: Chemical parameters, antimicrobial activities, and tissue toxicity of 0.1 and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions.
abstract: ffe chemical parameters, antimicrobial activity, and tissue toxicity of two sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions buffered to a physiologic pH were studied. Initially, a 0.5% NaOCl solution buffered with 3 g of NaH2PO4 per liter was examined. The solution had a pH of 7.49 and an osmolality of 352 mOsmol/liter. When compared with unbuffered and NaHCO3-buffered 0.5% NaOCl solutions, the NaH2PO4-buffered solution was significantly more effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. However, the pH of the NaH2PO4-buffered solution decreased over time with a concomitant decrease in antibacterial activity. A freshly prepared solution decontaminated human cadaveric skin colonized by S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Candida albicans in vitro within 10 min of exposure, whereas a 24-h-old solution cleared the skin of organisms within 15 min. When gauze soaked with 0.5% NaOCl was applied to guinea pig skin for 2 weeks, a 15% decrease in basal cell viabilities was noted. Because of the pH instability and basal cell toxicity, a 0.1% NaOCl solution buffered with NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 was evaluated. This solution had an osmolality of 386 mOsmol/liter and a pH of 7.4 that was stable over 1 week. A freshly prepared 0.1% NaOCl solution decontaminated skin colonized with S. aureus, C. albicans, and P. aeruginosa within 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. A 24-h-old solution did not completely decontaminate the colonized skin but significantly reduced the number of microorganisms on the skin surface (P less than 0.001). Application of this solution of guinea pig skin for 2 weeks produced no significant effect on basal cell viabilities. These solutions may serve as alternative topical agents for use in burn therapy.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite