title: Pharmacology of nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates.
abstract: Organic nitrates are available in a remarkably diverse variety of formulations, including sublingual, buccal and oral tablets, capsules, topical creams, ointments, patches, tapes, inhalable sprays and intravenous solutions. Although not all of these formulations are available in the United States, the array of drugs and dosages approved for use is extensive. It is only by weighing the pharmacologic properties of these agents against the patient's clinical status and needs that a concise and appropriate treatment regimen may be derived. Numerous recent studies have confirmed the protracted efficacy of the organic nitrates in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris and congestive heart failure (CHF) as evidenced by improvements in cardiac hemodynamics and desired clinical parameters. It is appropriate that the patient's dosage of nitrates be administered with a formulation most likely to be both clinically effective and well tolerated. The use of nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate in the acute and chronic treatment of CHF will be discussed in the context of their unique pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties. A rationale for the most efficacious use of these agents will be presented. Tolerance phenomena and adverse effects (i.e., headache) will also be discussed from the perspective of their significance in chronic nitrate therapy.
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D002610:Cheek; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D009060:Mouth Floor; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D009566:Nitrates; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D007548:Isosorbide Dinitrate