title: Self-esteem in later life: a nursing perspective.
abstract: Self-esteem provides a measure for the quality of life of the elderly in long-term care. This article defines self-esteem in relation to self-concept and identifies the antecedents that affect its development. Elements of labeling theory, activity theory, and social exchange theory are explored to account for a potential decline in self-esteem among the elderly. According to this electric theoretical framework, stigmatization, decreased social interaction, and loss of control over the environment are all negatively correlated with self-esteem. Institutionalization intensifies the effect of these forces. Nursing is in a unique position to promote self-esteem by combating ageism, promoting social interaction, and maximizing the control and participation of elderly residents.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D005851:Geriatric Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D013240:Stereotyping