title: The effects of anticalmodulin drugs on the ultrastructure of boar spermatozoa.
abstract: Trifluoperazine, N-6-aminohexyl-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (W7), and calmidazolium are known to be calmodulin inhibitors and cell membrane soluble substances. In mammalian spermatozoa, calmodulin is present and is retained to mediate several sperm processes, such as sperm activation, sperm-egg fusion, microtubule disassembly, etc. We examined the effects of anticalmodulin drugs on the ultrastructure of freshly ejaculated boar spermatozoa. Whereas all the drugs, at the low concentrations tested, appear to prevent acrosomal alterations, at higher concentrations, they induced these alterations. Unexpectedly, the outer acrosomal membrane appeared to be more sensitive to the drugs than the plasma membrane; vesicles formed within the acrosome from the outer acrosomal membrane even when plasma membrane maintained its structural integrity. These findings were confirmed by the analysis carried out by fluorescent light microscopy by utilizing fluoresceinated Ricinus communis agglutinins to specifically stain the acrosomes.
mesh_terms: D000177:Acrosome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D000818:Animals; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; D005452:Fluoresceins; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D037102:Lectins; D008297:Male; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D037121:Plant Lectins; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D013861:Thiocyanates; D014268:Trifluoperazine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D005452:Fluoresceins; D007093:Imidazoles; D037102:Lectins; D037121:Plant Lectins; C017707:Ricinus communis agglutinin-1; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013861:Thiocyanates; D014268:Trifluoperazine; C031938:calmidazolium; C017967:W 7; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate