title: Cigarette smoking and face lift: conservative versus wide undermining.
abstract: The effects of cigarette smoking on the skin flaps of the face lift procedure are discussed. Reported elsewhere is a significant incidence of skin slough in smokers with use of wide undermining techniques. This complication is thought to be due to the vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine on the peripheral circulation. Our group has employed a conservative bilateral undermining technique in 407 face lifts. Of these, 32.4 percent were smokers and 67.6 percent were nonsmokers. No cases of skin slough were encountered. Our conservative undermining technique is briefly discussed. Among its advantages are shorter operative time, use of less local and/or general anesthesia, less intraoperative bleeding, adequate exposure for SMAS and platysmal surgery, and snugger skin closure without the risk of flap necrosis. As shown by our statistics, it is a safer procedure in smokers than the usually performed more radical procedure.
mesh_terms: D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply; D012907:Smoking; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014661:Vasoconstriction; D014945:Wound Healing