title: Epidural ketamine for postoperative analgesia.
abstract: Thirty-four patients of ASA physical status I or II scheduled for gall bladder surgery were studied in a comparative prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy of epidural and intramuscular ketamine for postoperative pain relief. They were divided randomly into three groups. Group I (11 patients) received 30 mg intramuscular ketamine. Group II (10 patients) and Group III (13 patients) received 10 and 30 mg ketamine in 10 ml saline respectively, through epidural catheters. Pain was evaluated every two hours for the first 24 hours post-operatively by using a linear analogue pain scale from 0-10. Ketamine was given on the patient's request and whenever the pain score exceeded three. Ketamine produced analgesia in all patients studied. The reduction of pain score after two and four hours in Group I and III was significant when compared to Group II. Seven patients (54 per cent) in Group III did not require further analgesia after the initial injection. However, following 10 mg epidural ketamine or 30 mg IM ketamine, post-operative pain was more frequent. Four patients who received epidural ketamine complained of transient burning pain in the back during injection. No patient developed respiratory depression, psychic disturbance, cardiovascular instability, bladder dysfunction or neurologic deficit. It is concluded that 30 mg epidural ketamine is a safe and effective method for postoperative analgesia.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D011182:Postoperative Care; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007649:Ketamine