title: A 37-year medical follow-up of Manhattan Project Pu workers.
abstract: Twenty-six male subjects, who worked with Pu during World War II under extraordinarily crude conditions, have been given medical examinations periodically over the past 37 y to identify potential health effects. Inhalation was the primary mode of the Pu exposures. Current estimates of the systemic Pu depositions in these individuals range from 2 to 95 nCi with a mean of 26 nCi. Seven individuals have depositions of 40 nCi or more, often considered the lifetime maximum permissible body burden for workers. Two individuals have died compared to 6.6 expected deaths based on U.S. adjusted rates for white males. The causes of death were myocardial infarction and accidental trauma. Examinations completed in 1981-82 revealed no cases of cancer in the group except for a history of skin cancers in three individuals. The diseases and physical changes noted in these individuals are characteristic of a male population in their upper 50s or 60s. This study yields no evidence suggesting that adverse health effects have resulted from the 37 y of exposure to internally deposited Pu.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001822:Body Burden; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D011005:Plutonium / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011005:Plutonium