title: Conscious sedation for procedures under local or topical anesthesia.
abstract: For many surgical procedures in otolaryngology general anesthesia is not required, but it is difficult to block completely all noxious sensations with local or topical anesthesia. Intravenously administered antianxiety and analgesic drugs can make the procedure more tolerable for the patient. A technique of conscious sedation based upon titrating diazepam to specific eye signs and fentanyl to specific end points is described. Safety is maintained by ensuring that the patient is always in verbal contact with the surgeon. The rationale for administering the sedative before the narcotic is presented along with the treatment of side effects and untoward responses to the drugs.
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D001007:Anxiety / Q000187:drug effects; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D011292:Premedication
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D003975:Diazepam; D005283:Fentanyl