title: Contamination of lung lymph following standard and modified procedures in sheep.
abstract: The sheep lung lymph fistula preparation of Staub et al. is reported to be contaminated by systemic lymph. The published estimates of contamination range from 5% (awake sheep) to 60% (anesthetized sheep). In view of these conflicting estimates, we investigated the pre- and postoperative contaminating sources, morphological and functional consequences of the proposed contamination reducing modifications, and base-line lung lymph flow in awake sheep following standard and modified cannulation procedures. Our morphological observations are not compatible with the higher estimates of contamination (25-60%). Evidence of lymph leakage from cauterized lymphatics was found. The lymphatics that appear after diaphragmatic cautery and partial resection of caudal mediastinal lymph node were found to constitute "new" contaminating sources. The lymph flow data from base-line and increased vascular pressure conditions were consistent with the reported low estimates of contamination (5%). We propose simple modifications of the standard procedure of Staub et al. which may be nearly as effective in reducing contamination by extrapulmonary lymph as the more invasive and/or traumatic modifications.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D003964:Diaphragm; D005260:Female; D005402:Fistula; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D008196:Lymph / Q000378:metabolism*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010827:Physiology / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep / Q000378:metabolism*; D013903:Thoracic Surgery; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance