title: Evaluation of penetration enhancement of lidocaine by nonionic surfactants through hairless mouse skin in vitro.
abstract: The effect of two nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoesters) on percutaneous absorption of lidocaine in the presence of various concentrations of propylene glycol is reported. Comparisons were made in vitro using excised hairless mouse skin as the barrier membrane. Under infinite dose conditions, steady-state flux was enhanced by surfactants at high propylene glycol concentrations. The same trend was observed following application of a thin layer of formulation to the skin (finite-dose conditions). However, penetration behavior was complex due to: (a) changes in vehicle composition following application, (b) temperature changes resulting from evaporation or moisture uptake, and (c) depletion of lidocaine as a result of penetration with compositions that lost water by evaporation. Two peaks in the flux versus time curve were observed. Surfactant monomer concentration in the vehicles was increased in the presence of propylene glycol.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002627:Chemistry, Physical; D004058:Diffusion; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D008823:Micelles; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012995:Solubility; D013500:Surface Tension; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D008012:Lidocaine