Model for calcium binding to gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues of proteins: crystal structure of calcium alpha-ethylmalonate.
The crystal structure of a Ca2+ salt of alpha-ethylmalonic acid was determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data. The dicarboxylate anion represents the functional side chain of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues, which are implicated as essential calcium-binding ligands in a variety of proteins. The alpha-ethylmalonate ion chelates the Ca2+ ion in a bidentate manner that involves an O atom from each of the two malonate carboxylate groups. This type of binding arises from the constrained arrangement of carboxylate ligands in the malonate group and may be of significance to the calcium-binding properties of Gla-containing sites in proteins. The Ca2+-malonate chelation forms a six-membered ring, which is stabilized by interactions that are consistent with the preferred stereochemistries of both calcium-carboxylate and metal-malonate complexes. No other interactions are observed between Ca2+ ions and alpha-ethylmalonate ions that depend upon the malonate juxtaposition of two carboxylate groups. The potential for this type of binding distinguishes Gla residues from the monocarboxylate residues, aspartate and glutamate, and confers a novel calcium-chelation ability upon Gla-containing sites in proteins.
D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D003461:Crystallography; D005971:Glutamates; D008314:Malonates / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008961:Models, Structural
D005971:Glutamates; D008314:Malonates; C038080:ethylmalonic acid; D002118:Calcium