title: Use of tolazoline as an antagonist to xylazine-ketamine-induced immobilization in African elephants.
abstract: A group of 15 African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were immobilized with a combination of xylazine (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM) and ketamine (1 to 1.5 mg/kg of body weight, IM). Ten of the African elephants were allowed to remain recumbent for 30 minutes and the remaining 5 elephants, for 45 minutes before they were given tolazoline (0.5 mg/kg of body weight, IV). For the group of 15, the mean induction time (the time required from injection of the xylazine-ketamine combination until onset of recumbency) was 14.2 +/- 4.35 minutes (mean +/- SD), and standing time (the time required from the tolazoline injection until the elephant stood without stimulation or assistance) was 2.8 +/- 0.68 minutes. All of the elephants were physically stimulated (by pushing, slapping, shouting) before they were given tolazoline, and none could be aroused. After tolazoline was given and the elephant was aroused, relapses to recumbency did not occur. Recovery was characterized by mild somnolence in an otherwise alert and responsive animal. Failure (no arousal) rates were 0% (95% confidence interval, 0 to 0.3085) for elephants given tolazoline after 30 minutes of recumbency and 100% for elephants that were not given tolazoline. There was no significant (P less than 0.05) difference in standing time 30 or 45 minutes after tolazoline injection.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004606:Elephants / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007103:Immobilization; D007649:Ketamine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D013843:Thiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014043:Tolazoline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014991:Xylazine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D013843:Thiazines; D014991:Xylazine; D007649:Ketamine; D014043:Tolazoline