Some characteristics of 9-year-old boys with general reading backwardness or specific reading retardation.
In 1975 Rutter and Yule distinguished between 'specific reading retardation' and 'general reading backwardness'. In a sample of 952 9-year-olds from Dunedin, New Zealand, 4.2% were identified as specific reading retarded and 4.1% as having general reading backwardness. Boys from each problem group were compared with boys without reading delay. General reading backwardness was associated with a history of long-term cognitive and motor delay. Specific reading retardation was only associated with lower verbal IQ and poor speech articulation. A number of differences between the findings of Rutter and Yule and the present results were noted.
D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007805:Language Development Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012737:Sex Factors