title: The maximum forces exerted by animals.
abstract: This paper reviews the maximum forces exerted by animals in a wide range of activities including running, jumping, swimming and biting. Most of the data refer to vertebrates and arthropods, ranging in size from 0.5-mg fleas to 3-tonne elephants. Maximum forces exerted on the environment give values of (force/body weight) which lie, in most cases, between 0.5 body mass-1/3 (kg) and 20 body mass-1/3. Maximum forces exerted by major muscle groups give values of (force/body weight) in most cases between 10 body mass-1/3 and 50 body mass-1/3.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001732:Bite Force; D001824:Body Constitution; D001835:Body Weight; D005426:Flight, Animal; D009068:Movement; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running; D013550:Swimming