title: Multiple intercostal blocks by a single injection? A clinical and radiological investigation.
abstract: Three different techniques for producing multiple intercostal nerve blocks using bupivacaine were compared in volunteers. The techniques used were multiple injections at intercostal nerves 7-11, or a single injection employing a needle or a catheter inserted in the 9th intercostal space. The injections were made at the costal angle. The anatomical spread of a mixture of a local anaesthetic and a radio-opaque fluid following the single injection technique at the ninth intercostal space or at the subcostal space was evaluated by computerized x-ray tomography (CT). The distribution of cutaneous analgesia/hypalgesia following all techniques was evaluated by pin prick. No spread of the local anaesthetic to adjacent intercostal spaces or to the paravertebral space could be shown by CT. The distribution of cutaneous analgesia was limited to three segments or less following a single injection. No difference in blood levels of bupivacaine could be found. It is concluded that the single injection technique of producing multiple intercostal nerve blocks is inferior to the multiple injection technique.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007267:Injections; D007367:Intercostal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D013900:Thoracic Nerves / Q000187:drug effects; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D002045:Bupivacaine; D004837:Epinephrine