title: Noradrenergic innervation of the paraventricular nucleus: specific role in control of carbohydrate ingestion.
abstract: Acute injections of norepinephrine (NE) into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have been shown to elicit eating in satiated rats. The present report examines the effects of acute and chronic PVN infusion of NE on intake of various liquid and mixed solid diets and on selection of the pure macronutrients, carbohydrate, protein, and fat. The results demonstrate that noradrenergic stimulation of the PVN (40 nmoles of NE) reliably enhances ingestion of pure sucrose diets (liquid and solid) and also of sweet and non-sweet milk solutions. Saccharin intake, in contrast, is unaffected. In preference tests, rats injected with NE show a greater increase in consumption of sucrose cubes compared with lab chow pellets, but exhibit an equivalent preference for sweet and non-sweet carbohydrate-rich diets. Tests with the three pure macronutrients simultaneously available reveal, after NE injection, a strong and selective increase in consumption of carbohydrate, with little or no change in intake of fat and, in some cases, a suppression of protein intake. This clear preference for carbohydrate can be seen with chronic NE infusion (5 nmoles every 30 min over a 14-day period), as well as after acute NE injection (40 nmoles), and also with long-term (24-hr) as well as short-term (1-hr) food intake measurements. This and other evidence suggests that the PVN noradrenergic system may play a specific and unique role in the control of carbohydrate ingestion.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects*; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000502:physiology*; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D009638:Norepinephrine