title: Norethisterone concentration in breast milk and infant and maternal plasma during ethynodiol diacetate administration.
abstract: Twelve women with established lactation of 4-8 weeks duration were given a low-dose progestogen-only contraceptive, ethynodiol diacetate 0.5 mg (Femulen) daily. On the seventh and eight day of the study, prior to the mother's taking the pill, a blood sample was taken from her and from the infant. Further blood samples were collected from the mother 4 and 12 hours later. Breast milk samples were collected at every feed on day 7 and day 8. Ethynodiol diacetate is rapidly metabolised in humans, changing into the metabolite norethisterone which is found in both blood and milk. Hence, norethisterone concentrations were estimated. On day 7 and day 8, four hours after ingestion of the pill, the median norethisterone maternal plasma concentration was 1.60 ng/ml and it fell to a median level of 0.30 ng/ml prior to the next dose of the pill. At this time the median infant concentration was 0.10 ng/ml but the maximum observed level was 0.50 ng/ml. In the breast milk the norethisterone concentration appears to peak at around 4-8 hours following the ingestion of the pill. The maximum observed concentration in breast milk was 0.84 ng/ml. The amount of norethisterone ingested by the infant averaged 0.02% (6.65 micrograms) of the dose of ethynodiol diacetate ingested by the mother. The maximum observed on any one day was 0.07% (27.52 micrograms). The above results indicate that the amount of progestogen ingested by the infant from its mother's milk is small and is unlikely to pose a risk to the infant.
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005040:Ethynodiol Diacetate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007700:Kinetics; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003280:Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic; D005040:Ethynodiol Diacetate; D009640:Norethindrone