title: Comparison of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters following oral or intramuscular atropine in children. Atropine overdose in two small children.
abstract: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of atropine 0.03 mg/kg p.o. or 0.02 mg/kg i.m. were compared in a double-blind study in 20 children with a mean age of 5.1 years undergoing otolaryngological surgery, mostly adenotomy. Outside the study protocol, two small children accidentally received an overdose of atropine 0.3 mg/kg p.o. In addition to atropine, all children received triclofos 70 mg/kg p.o. Following p.o. administration of atropine, the mean maximum serum concentration of 6.7 nmol/l occurred at 2 h. The corresponding result after i.m. administration was 5.7 nmol/l at 0.5 h. Serum concentrations of atropine were 3.5 and 1.3 nmol/l 8 h after p.o. and i.m. administration, respectively. At 70 min the anti-sialogogue effect was clinically satisfactory after both modes of administration. The heart rate increased statistically significantly only after i.m. administration. The mean maximum rise in the rectal temperature before the start of anaesthesia occurred at 1 h and was 0.5 degrees C in the p.o. group and 0.7 degrees C in the i.m. group. The flush phenomenon, mostly on the face and sometimes also on the chest, occurred in both groups, being more intense in the i.m. group than in the p.o. group. The children who developed flush had a statistically significantly higher rise in rectal temperature than the children without flush. There was a positive but weak correlation between the serum concentration of atropine and the heart rate, whereas the correlation between the serum concentration after i.m. atropine and the rectal temperature was weakly negative. On the basis of the present study, there were no decisive differences between the effects and side-effects of the two modes of administration of atropine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001285:Atropine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000506:poisoning; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced; D005483:Flushing / Q000139:chemically induced; D006207:Half-Life; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D012472:Salivation / Q000187:drug effects; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D010755:Organophosphates; D001285:Atropine; C004345:triclofos