title: High diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) level in germ cells and embryos of sea urchin and Xenopus and its effect on DNA synthesis.
abstract: Ap4A levels in sperms, eggs and different developmental stages of sea urchin (Psammechinus miliaris) and (Xenopus laevis) were determined by a method based on ATP measurement with luciferin/luciferase after splitting diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) into ATP and AMP. Appreciable storage pools of Ap4A were found in unfertilized eggs of Psammechinus and Xenopus as well as in sea urchin sperms. The actual Ap4A concentration of 28 microM in sperm represents the highest Ap4A level so far observed in eukaryotic cells. Upon fertilization an instant onset of de novo synthesis of Ap4A was demonstrated. Ap4A levels during early embryogenesis of P. miliaris and X. laevis (2.5-4 microM) are higher than those in exponentially growing mammalian culture cells and mammalian fetuses. Microinjection of Ap4A into unfertilized eggs of Psammechinus miliaris caused a 3-7 fold increase of DNA synthesis in comparison with mock-injected eggs.
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D008297:Male; D009028:Morula / Q000378:metabolism; D010063:Ovum / Q000378:metabolism*; D012617:Sea Urchins; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D015053:Zygote / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; C020733:diadenosine tetraphosphate; D004247:DNA