title: Cosmetic and reconstructive breast surgery in blacks.
abstract: Black women have not embraced cosmetic and reconstructive surgery of the breast with the same enthusiasm as their Caucasian counterparts because of fear of hypertrophic scars. The authors offer suggestions on how to minimize the scarring associated with breast surgery in black women. They feel that intraareolar incisions should be used whenever circumareolar incisions are indicated in augmentation mammaplasty, because the areola, being a favored area, is less likely to produce hypertrophic scars. The Marchac technique of reduction mammaplasty is recommended because it produces a short horizontal scar of 5 to 8 cm confined to the breast without medial and lateral extension, which may hypertrophy in black women. In the reduction of large breasts, secondary excision of dogears 6 or more weeks after mammaplasty reduces the medial and lateral extents of the scar. The use of liposuction as an adjunct to reduction mammaplasty may also accomplish the same thing. Amputation and free nipple-areola grafting should be used with caution in black patients because of the tendency of the grafted areola to hypopigment. In postmastectomy reconstruction, the authors suggest that the techniques described by Ryan and Radovan should be considered first before the techniques of reconstruction utilizing myocutaneous flaps. In these procedures, no new scars which may hypertrophy are created away from the site of reconstruction. Staples should not be used in skin closure in blacks because they cause cross-hatching of the wound even when removed early.
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008408:Mastectomy; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010859:Pigmentation Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012086:Reoperation; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects