title: Current concepts in retrobulbar anesthesia.
abstract: Recently there have been major advances in the field of retrobulbar anesthesia. New agents which allow prolonged anesthesia and akinesia have been introduced. Several new techniques to administer retrobulbar anesthesia have been developed. The toxicity of local anesthetics and the complications arising from such injections have been studied, and ways to avoid and manage them have been expanded.
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002404:Catheterization; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005041:Etidocaine; D005123:Eye; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D009339:Needles; D009900:Optic Nerve; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D012171:Retinal Vessels; D012590:Sclera / Q000293:injuries; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005041:Etidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine