title: Vaginal douching as a potential risk factor for tubal ectopic pregnancy.
abstract: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the United States has more than doubled in the past decade. Because a previous study has suggested that the practice of vaginal douching may increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, a condition known to predispose to ectopic pregnancy, and because the sale of commercial douching products in the United States has more than tripled since 1974, we investigated this practice as a possible risk factor. We interviewed 155 women who had a tubal ectopic pregnancy treated at five Seattle hospitals between 1975 and 1979 as to their reproductive, contraceptive, and medical histories, demographic characteristics, and personal hygiene practices. During the same period, 456 women who were delivered of a baby in King County were identified from Vital Records and interviewed as controls. A higher proportion of cases than controls reported ever having douched in the past. Cases also douched more frequently than controls. After simultaneous adjusting for confounding factors in our data by means of a multiple logistic regression technique, the risk of tubal ectopic pregnancy for women who douched at least weekly was twice that of women who never douched (95% confidence interval = 1.03 to 4.00). The risk for women who used commercial douches on a weekly basis was 4.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.6 to 12.7) the risk for women who never douched.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D011247:Pregnancy; D011274:Pregnancy, Tubal / Q000209:etiology*; D012306:Risk; D012996:Solutions; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014621:Vagina
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions