title: Endoscopy in birds.
abstract: Endoscopic examination is described as a valuable diagnostic method in birds. In the introduction, reference is made to the literature on this subject. Apart from the classical approaches, alternative sites to enter the thoraco-abdominal cavity in birds are discussed. The basic equipment for endoscopy in birds is described and a new biopsy forceps which makes a secondary puncture redundant is introduced. After a discussion of the indications and complications, the value of the endoscopic examination is compared with other diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of avian tuberculosis in birds.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001717:Birds; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013045:Species Specificity; D014379:Tuberculosis, Avian / Q000175:diagnosis