title: Etiology and prevention of topical cardiac hypothermia-induced phrenic nerve injury and left lower lobe atelectasis during cardiac surgery.
abstract: Left hemidiaphragm elevation is frequently noted following cardiac surgery employing topical hypothermia. We speculate that contact of the left phrenic nerve with ice causes nerve injury, resulting in left hemidiaphragm paresis or paralysis and left lower lobe atelectasis. Left diaphragm elevation was noted on postoperative chest x-ray examination of 36 of 60 (60 percent) consecutive patients in whom topical cooling of the heart with a cold slush solution was administered prior to use of a cardiac insulation pad (CIP, Shiley Laboratories, Irvine, California). Following the use of the CIP in a similar group of 60 consecutive patients, only five (8 percent) showed evidence of diaphragmatic elevation. The difference in the incidence of diaphragmatic elevation between these two groups is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). A comparison of postoperative left lower lobe atelectasis prior to the use of the CIP was also statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in the aortic cross-clamp time or the volume of intraaortic cardioplegia used in these two groups. The use of topical cardiac hypothermia has been shown to protect the myocardium. Phrenic nerve injury secondary to the use of ice in this method has been documented. The use of a cold solution without ice chips or slush, or the insertion of a CIP prior to the use of topical cardiac hypothermia (when ice chips or slush are used) decreases the exposure of the phrenic nerve to cold injury and decreases the incidence of paresis of the left diaphragm and resultant atelectasis.
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003964:Diaphragm; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000293:injuries*; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control