title: Normal erect swallowing. Normal function and incidence of variations.
abstract: Of 871 candidates presenting for upper gastrointestinal examinations, 16 met the rigorous criteria established for selecting asymptomatic normal volunteers. Frame-by-frame evaluation of their videorecorded pharyngeal swallow confirmed many observations made previously utilizing cine recording at much higher radiation dosages. In addition, new observations were made: the nasopharynx may not occlude until the bolus is entirely within the pharynx; air mixes with the bolus if the swallow is an "open" type; the epiglottis always inverts in normal individuals regardless of the type of swallow ("open," air filled oro-and hypopharynx into which the swallowed bolus is dropped; "closed," airless oropharynx into which the swallowed bolus is pushed by a continuous peristaltic drive of the tongue and palate, thus reconstituting the pharyngeal space); laryngeal descent may aid in stripping the bolus from the pharynx; the vestibule may not completely close during the swallow and the larynx can still be impervious to the bolus; the peristaltic wave does not begin until the bolus has breeched the cricopharyngeus; the cricopharyngeus may be seen frequently in normal individuals, but does not delay the passage of the bolus; asymmetric flow of the bolus around the larynx is common and may not be the result of epiglottic tilt or head positioning.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001466:Barium Sulfate; D003679:Deglutition; D004825:Epiglottis / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007830:Larynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000502:physiology; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D011187:Posture; D011859:Radiography; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology; D014743:Videotape Recording; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001466:Barium Sulfate