title: The upper extremity and psychiatric illness.
abstract: Thirty-three patients who had various conversion reactions manifested by signs and symptoms involving the upper extremities were seen over a 13-year period. Factitious lymphedema, factitious ulcers, clenched fists, as well as other dysfunctional postures of the hand and upper extremity, were the most frequently recognized patterns of illness. Denial of knowledge of the cause of the physical problem and a lack of insight into the illness are major parts of the disease process. Twenty-nine of the 33 patients in this study had work-related and therefore compensable injuries. The physical signs and symptoms resolved in four of the patients when compensation was withdrawn. The average follow-up in this study was 4 1/2 years. Unfortunately, the long-term follow-up of these patients revealed that this disease process was chronic and most frequently failed to resolve. Various efforts at treatment have been unsuccessful, including extensive psychotherapy. Confrontation with the patient is contraindicated.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D003291:Conversion Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005162:Factitious Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010243:Paralysis / Q000523:psychology; D011187:Posture; D012652:Self Mutilation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000523:psychology