title: Abilities of normal and reading-disabled children to combine the visual and auditory modalities with dimensions of space and time.
abstract: The effects of various combinations of modalities with the dimensions of space and time on reproduction of stimulus patterns by 162 normal and 83 reading-disabled children aged 6 to 12 yr. was studied. Scores on three subtests with three different combinations of modalities with space and time dimensions were analyzed. They were visual temporal input, vocal temporal output; auditory temporal input, vocal temporal output; and visual spatial-temporal input, vocal temporal output. Visual spatial-temporal input was superior to the other subtests. Auditory temporal input was superior to visual temporal input. There were significant differences between normal and reading-disabled subjects on each subtest so the spatial dimension gives an advantage. The spatial and temporal dimensions need to be attended to in research.
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception