title: Language learning in two species of apes.
abstract: A 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating. Other apes have required training before they began to use symbols fluently. By contrast, this pygmy chimpanzee has begun to learn and appropriately employ graphic symbols simply as the result of exposure to human models. He has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken English words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information than his single-word utterances.
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D003463:Cues; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D013045:Species Specificity; D013067:Speech Perception; D014828:Vocalization, Animal