title: Racial differences in cephalometric measurements and incidence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
abstract: A study was made to search for the morphological basis and, indirectly, the developmental basis for racial differences in risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate CL(P) in Hawaii. A total of ten linear and three angular measurements read from anterior-posterior cephalographs were examined on 210 healthy adult Caucasian, Hawaiian, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino subjects. Racial comparisons were made on these variables after adjusting for age and sex. Generally, the CL(P) high-risk group consisting of Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos had smaller dimensions than Caucasians and Hawaiians in the variables (S-N, N-Ba) representing size of cranial base and the measurements of face height (N-A, N-ANS), palatal length (ANS-PNS), and mandibular length (Ar-Gn). Facial width relative to palatal length as measured by the ratio of bizygomatic diameter to palatal length showed a marked consistency with the racial differences in CL(P) risk. Possible significance of this finding is discussed in relation to development of the orofacial structure.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002508:Cephalometry; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010159:Palate / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D044465:White People