title: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding: causes and treatment.
abstract: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurs above the ligament of Treitz as a result of duodenal or gastric ulcers, gastric or esophageal varices caused by cirrhosis of the liver, or Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Bleeding that requires more than three units of blood in 24 hours usually demands operative measures.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004381:Duodenal Ulcer / Q000150:complications; D006396:Hematemesis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008309:Mallory-Weiss Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications