title: Histological changes induced in developing limb buds of C57BL mouse embryos submitted in utero to the combined influence of acetazolamide and cadmium sulphate.
abstract: Microscopic defects in limb buds of C57BL mouse embryos after the combined teratogenic action of acetazolamide plus cadmium sulphate administered on day 9 of gestation were studied in serial sections. Postaxial deficiencies observed in 12-15-day embryos and affecting preferentially the right forelimbs were classified in nine morphological types according to increasing amounts of missing parts. Type X defect consists of a nearly complete amelia in which all four limbs are represented only by the girdle and proximal end of the stylopod. Type XI abnormality appears as an intermediate reduction affecting the area of digit IV. In addition to modifications of the forelimb bud shape detected from the 10-day stage onwards, observations made 24 and 48 hr after treatment confirmed that the postaxial defects result from an absolute lack of postaxial mesoderm occurring without cell necrosis as a consequence of a postaxial shortening of the apical ectodermal ridge (aer). In 10-day embryos, the latter appears shortened and hypertrophied; it is later fragmented into alternate thick and thin portions in 11-day affected limb buds. These ectodermal changes might account for the genesis of all types of defects observed. Untreated 9-day embryos with 12-25 pairs of somites display a number of asymmetries between their right and left forelimb territories: Until the 19-somite stage, the vascular supply to that area is provided exclusively by the umbilical vein, which is larger on the right side; the initial amount of somatopleural limb mesoderm is greater in the right rudiment and the genesis of its aer is slightly protracted as compared to the left one. These asymmetries might contribute to the right side predominance of the forelimb defects induced by acetazolamide and cadmium.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000473:pathology*; D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004475:Ectoderm / Q000473:pathology; D005121:Extremities / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D009336:Necrosis; D011247:Pregnancy; D013431:Sulfates
chemical_list: D019187:Cadmium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D002104:Cadmium; C037123:cadmium sulfate; D000086:Acetazolamide