title: Alternative methods for chlorination.
abstract: Existing disinfectants are oxidative agents which all present negative effects on subsequent treatment processes. None of them has decisive advantages over chlorine, although chlorine-dioxide and chloramines might at times be preferable. Optimum treatment practices will improve the removal of organic precursors before final disinfection which could then consist in a light chlorine addition. A philosophy of radical change in water treatment technology encompassing physical treatment without chemicals such as membrane filtration, solid disinfectants is presented.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000009:adverse effects; D002713:Chlorine; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000009:adverse effects; D004203:Disinfection / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005374:Filtration; D051379:Mice; D010087:Oxides; D010126:Ozone; D010545:Peroxides; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D013242:Sterilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D004202:Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; D010545:Peroxides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; D002713:Chlorine; D010126:Ozone; C025109:chlorine dioxide