Regulation of intracellular proteolysis in Escherichia coli.
Individual nitrogenous metabolites have been examined as regulating agents for the breakdown of intracellular proteins in Escherichia coli. Generally, NH(4) (+) is the most effective regulator. Its depletion progressively increases the basal proteolytic rate to maximum in most strains when the doubling time is increased to 2 h. In E. coli 9723, the rate is further increased at longer doubling times. Amino acids have individual effects on intracellular proteolysis. The basal rate in amino acid-requiring auxotrophs of E. coli 9723 is stimulated weakly by starvation for histidine, tryptophan, or tyrosine, moderately by four other amino acid depletions, and more strongly by eight others. The degree of stimulation roughly correlates with the frequency of the amino acid in the cell proteins. Amino acid analogues that incorporate extensively into protein generally slightly inhibit intracellular proteolysis, except for selenomethionine, which is slightly stimulatory. Metabolic inhibitors were studied at graded concentrations. Chloramphenicol inhibits the basal level of intracellular proteolysis when protein synthesis is slightly or moderately inhibited, and stimulates proteolysis slightly at higher levels. Graded inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis with rifampin progressively stimulates intracellular proteolysis. Uracil depletion is also stimulatory. Inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis with mitomycin C or by thymine starvation slightly inhibits intracellular proteolysis. Intracellular proteolysis is postulated to be regulated primarily by active ribosomal function. At 43 to 45 C, intracellular proteolysis becomes maximally induced and unresponsive to normal regulatory control by metabolites. Most regulation is directed towards the breakdown of the more stable cell proteins. Total proteolysis in all cell proteins is no more than doubled by the most effective conditions of starvation.
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003470:Culture Media; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D007532:Isoleucine / Q000378:metabolism; D007930:Leucine / Q000378:metabolism; D008937:Mitomycins / Q000494:pharmacology; D009153:Mutagens; D009154:Mutation; D009604:Nitrosoguanidines; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013696:Temperature
D000596:Amino Acids; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003470:Culture Media; D008937:Mitomycins; D009153:Mutagens; D009604:Nitrosoguanidines; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D007532:Isoleucine; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D007930:Leucine; D012293:Rifampin