title: Effects of nicotine given into the brain of fowls.
abstract: 1 The effects of nicotine, given into the IIIrd ventricle of adult conscious fowls (Gallus domesticus) or infused into various brain regions of conscious young chicks, were tested on behaviour, electrocortical activity, respiratory rate and body temperature. Its effects given intraventricularly or applied externally to the brain-stem of anaesthetized fowls were also examined.2 After intraventricular nicotine, fowls squatted for 3 to 5 min with eyes closed, electrocortical activity resembling that during sleep but with superimposed spike activity. Following this, fowls reawakened and tachypnoea developed, together with partial abduction of the wings from the trunk, the back becoming horizontal and the tail flexed. These effects were prevented by pempidine.3 Intraventricular nicotine suppressed or, less commonly, reduced operant key-pecking, an effect unrelated linearly to dose.4 Intraventricular nicotine given to fowls anaesthetized with chloralose produced brief apnoea, followed by increased amplitude of respiratory excursion for about 5 minutes. Respiratory rate accelerated slightly but tachypnoea did not develop. Nicotine applied directly to the ventral brain-stem increased respiratory amplitude in three out of seven fowls.5 In anaesthetized fowls, intraventricular nicotine raised blood pressure for 2 to 3 min, an effect prolonged up to 70 min by acute bilateral vagotomy, whereas pressor effects of intravenous nicotine were extended merely two to three fold. Dividing the spinal cord at C2 prevented pressor effects of intraventricular nicotine; those of intravenous nicotine were unaltered.6 In young chicks, nicotine infused into the diencephalon, telencephalon and myelencephalon induced effects similar to those observed immediately after intraventricular nicotine, i.e. chicks squatted with closed eyes but recovered within 3 to 5 minutes. Simultaneously, electrocortical activity changed from an alert to the sleep pattern, usually with superimposed ;spike' activity. Tachypnoea and associated postural changes did not develop. Pempidine prevented the behavioural and electrocortical effects of nicotine.
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001285:Atropine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles; D002645:Chickens; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D004027:Diencephalon / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007267:Injections; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010393:Pempidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D013618:Tachyphylaxis; D013687:Telencephalon / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine; D001285:Atropine; D010830:Physostigmine; D012601:Scopolamine; D010393:Pempidine