title: Levels of glycogen and trehalose in Mycobacterium smegmatis and the purification and properties of the glycogen synthetase.
abstract: The levels of glycogen, free trehalose, and lipid-bound trehalose were compared in Mycobacterium smegmatis grown under various conditions of nitrogen limitation. In a mineral salts medium supplemented with yeast extract and containing fructose as the carbon source, the accumulation of glycogen increased dramatically as the NH(4)Cl content of the medium was lowered. However, levels of free trehalose remained relatively constant. Cells were grown in low nitrogen medium and were then shifted to medium containing high nitrogen. Under these conditions, there was a rapid accumulation of glycogen in low nitrogen, and this glycogen was rapidly depleted when cells were placed in high nitrogen medium. Again the concentration of free trehalose remained fairly constant. However, when cells were grown in low nitrogen medium with [(14)C]fructose and then transferred to high nitrogen medium with unlabeled fructose, the specific radioactivity (counts per minute per micromole) of the free trehalose fell immediately, indicating that it was being synthesized and turned over continually. On the other hand, the specific radioactivity of the glycogen and bound trehalose declined much more slowly, suggesting that these two compounds were not turning over as rapidly or were being synthesized at a much slower rate. Experiments on the incorporation of [(14)C]fructose into glycogen and trehalose indicated that cells in high nitrogen medium synthesized much less glycogen than those in low nitrogen. However, synthesis of both free trehalose and bound trehalose was the same in both cases. The specific enzymatic activities of the glycogen synthetase and the trehalose phosphate synthetase varied somewhat from one growth condition to another, but there was no correlation between enzymatic activity and the amount of glycogen or trehalose, suggesting that changes in glycogen levels were not due to increased synthetic capacity. The glycogen synthetase was purified about 35-fold and its properties were examined. This enzyme was specific for adenosine diphosphate glucose as the glucosyl donor.
mesh_terms: D000645:Ammonium Sulfate; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002474:Cell-Free System; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002848:Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; D002854:Chromatography, Paper; D003470:Culture Media; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005632:Fructose / Q000378:metabolism; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D006006:Glycogen Synthase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D003470:Culture Media; D004187:Disaccharides; D005632:Fructose; D006003:Glycogen; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; D006006:Glycogen Synthase; D009584:Nitrogen; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate