title: The isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase: kinetic properties with particular reference to the functions in the intestinal tract.
abstract: 1. Details are given of an electrometric method for measuring the activity of isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) in catalysing the hydration of carbon dioxide under different conditions at 0 degrees C. In the method, a measured volume of water saturated with carbon dioxide at a known partial pressure and appropriate temperature is introduced into a buffered solution. Using a sensitive electrometer and recording instrument, the subsequent change in hydrogen ion concentration is recorded as a function of time. Under the conditions of assay, the pH change induced in the presence of substrate is very small (DeltapH < 0.05 units) and the period of observation need not exceed 10 sec.2. For enzymes isolated from guinea-pig tissues, it is found that the specific activity of the ;high activity' isoenzyme (carbonic anhydrase C, carbonic anhydrase II, HACA) is about eighteen times that of the ;low activity' counterpart (carbonic anhydrase B, carbonic anhydrase I, LACA) when measured at 0 degrees C, pH 7.2, and ionic strength 0.19. Under the same conditions, the K(m) was found to be 10 mM for the ;high activity' isoenzyme and 23 mM for the ;low activity' isoenzyme. No differences were found between the equivalent kinetic parameters of the corresponding isoenzymes isolated from different tissues.3. The isoenzymes isolated from guinea-pig tissues are found to be inhibited by acetazolamide in a non-competitive manner. It is also found that the ;high activity' isoenzyme is many times more sensitive to this inhibitor than is the ;low activity' isoenzyme. Evidence is presented which indicates that one acetazolamide binding site is present on each molecule of either isoenzyme.4. While chloride ions specifically inhibit the ;low activity' component of guinea-pig carbonic anhydrase (I(0.5) = 40 mM), acetate, butyrate and pyruvate inhibit both isoenzymes. Under the conditions employed, acetate and pyruvate are more strongly inhibitory to the ;low activity' isoenzyme than to the ;high activity' isoenzyme, while butyrate is more strongly inhibitory to the ;high activity' isoenzyme.5. The findings are discussed with particular reference to the physiological significance of the presence of the isoenzymes in the gastro-intestinal tract. Also considered are possible relationships between the distribution of the ;low activity' isoenzyme in these tissues and the transport and metabolism of products of fermentation occurring in the intestinal lumen.
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000086:Acetazolamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology; D002712:Chlorides / Q000494:pharmacology; D004064:Digestive System / Q000201:enzymology*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D005753:Gastric Mucosa; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D007700:Kinetics; D008722:Methods; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002087:Butyrates; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D002712:Chlorides; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011773:Pyruvates; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D000086:Acetazolamide