title: Dopaminergic and noradrenergic substrates of positive reinforcement: differential effects of d- and l-amphetamine.
abstract: Intracranial self-stimulation was elicited from electrodes located in either the lateral hypothalamus or substantia nigra of the rat. Facilitatory effects of d- and l-isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation were assessed. The d-isomer was seven to ten times more effective than the l-isomer at the hypothalamic placement, whereas the two isomers were equipotent for substantia nigra electrodes. These data support the hypothesis that both dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems subserve positive reinforcement.
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012653:Self Stimulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000661:Amphetamine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine