title: In vivo and in vitro action of norethindrone on staphylococci.
abstract: Norethindrone has been examined in vitro for antibacterial activity against 10 microorganisms. Turbidimetric techniques were used to assay the antibacterial activity of norethindrone. The organisms tested included Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Micrococcus conglomeratus, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella flexnerii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris. Bacteriostatic action was shown only against the gram-positive microorganisms when they were grown anaerobically in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 10 to 50 mug of norethindrone per ml. The bacteriostatic action of norethindrone was exerted primarily during the first 8 hr of incubation and it was reduced by the presence of oxygen. Mestranol at a concentration of 1 to 10 mug/ml failed to exert any significant action on S. aureus. However, incorporation of 5 mug of mestranol per ml in the culture medium enhanced the bacteriostatic action of norethindrone on staphylococci. Enhancement of the bacteriostatic action of norethindrone could not be obtained by the addition of a concentration of 5 mug/ml of testosterone, 17alpha-estradiol, and 17beta-estradiol. Progesterone and 4-pregnen-20beta-ol-3-one under similar conditions showed an additive bacteriostatic effect when they were incorporated into the culture medium containing norethindrone. In vivo studies indicated that female, adult New Zealand rabbits, injected subcutaneously with two injections of 10 to 20 mug of norethindrone, 24 hr apart, and challenged intradermally with S. aureus 4 hr after the second injection, had fewer lesions with smaller areas of swelling and erythema as compared to control, nontreated rabbits. The protective effect of norethindrone on the development of staphylococcal lesion seemed related to hormone concentration. Thus, it was demonstrated with doses of 20, 15, and 10 mug, but not with doses of 1 and 5 mug. When the lesions were excised 48 to 92 hr after infection and when viable cell counts were made, rabbits treated with norethindrone showed significantly lower staphylococcal counts than the control rabbits. During the 1st day after infection with S. aureus, leukocytic counts of the norethindrone-treated rabbits remained normal, whereas control animals showed elevated leukocytic counts.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004357:Drug Synergism; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007709:Klebsiella / Q000187:drug effects; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects; D008656:Mestranol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008837:Micrococcus / Q000187:drug effects; D009640:Norethindrone / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology; D010783:Photometry; D011284:Pregnenolone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D011511:Proteus / Q000187:drug effects; D011817:Rabbits; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000187:drug effects; D012760:Shigella / Q000187:drug effects; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D011284:Pregnenolone; D008656:Mestranol; D010100:Oxygen; D009640:Norethindrone