The resistance to airflow caused by heat and moisture exchanger and by artificial airways.
D000403:Airway Resistance; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008722:Methods; D011182:Postoperative Care; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014140:Tracheotomy / Q000295:instrumentation