The use of paired ion-sensitive electrodes to measure gradients of pH and of sodium and chloride ions across actively transporting membranes.
D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D002712:Chlorides; D004566:Electrodes; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008722:Methods; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D012964:Sodium
D002712:Chlorides; D012964:Sodium