Epidemiological, clinical, and biochemical study of endemic dental and skeletal fluorosis in punjab.
The incidence of dental fluorosis in 46,000 children in the Punjab was assessed and compared with the fluoride content of their water supplies. Ten villages were selected for more detailed studies of skeletal as well as dental fluorosis.Factors other than the fluoride contect of the drinking water which were found to influence the incidence and the severity of fluorosis were the chemical composition of the water and in particular its calcium content; the duration of exposure; sex and occupation; nutritional status; and climatic and geological variations. The role of fluoride-containing foodstuffs has yet to be assessed.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D005458:Fluoride Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055593:Geological Phenomena; D005844:Geology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium