title: The calmodulin-dependent activation and deactivation of the phosphoprotein phosphatase, calcineurin, and the effect of nucleotides, pyrophosphate, and divalent metal ions. Identification of calcineurin as a Zn and Fe metalloenzyme.
abstract: Studies on the interaction of calcineurin with its activator, calmodulin, showed that the 1:1 complex is the activated species. Concomitant with activation, a time-dependent deactivation of the phosphatase was observed. The process followed first order kinetics and was dependent on the presence of both Ca2+ and calmodulin. The deactivation rate constant at pH 7.6 and 30 degrees C was 0.06 min-1, which was increased by the substrate, p-nitrophenylphosphate (Km = 11 mM), to 0.47 min-1. PPi and nucleotides inhibited the enzyme competitively and accelerated the deactivation. The first order rate constant was increased to 2.3 min-1 by PPi (Ki = 55 microM) and to 8.0 min-1 by ADP (Ki = 0.94 mM). A theory dealing with the deactivation (applicable to chemical modification, etc.) of an enzyme in the absence and presence of various ligands is presented. The deactivated enzyme remained bound to calmodulin and was not reactivated by dissociation-reassociation of the calcineurin-calmodulin complex. Calcineurin was found to contain covalently bound phosphate; however, no difference in its content was detected upon deactivation, indicating that self-dephosphorylation was not involved. The deactivation could be reversed, as well as prevented, by divalent metal ions such as Ni2+ and Mn2+. Atomic absorption spectroscopy revealed nearly stoichiometric amounts of tightly bound Fe and Zn (but little other ions) on purified calcineurin, which remained bound during the calmodulin-dependent deactivation; removal of tightly bound metals is, therefore, not the cause of deactivation. Our results indicate that calcineurin is a metallophosphatase and not simply a Ca2+- and calmodulin-stimulated enzyme. In addition to the nondissociable Zn and Fe and the Ca2+ bound to the B subunit and calmodulin, the enzyme requires a divalent metal ion for structural stability and full activity.
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D002417:Cattle; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008433:Mathematics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002147:Calmodulin; D002148:Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; D002413:Cations, Divalent; D011756:Diphosphates; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D007501:Iron; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D015032:Zinc