title: Pain II: new approaches to management.
abstract: There is an intrinsic analgesia system in the brain with both endogenous opioid and biogenic amine links. This system provides a basis for understanding how different therapeutic approaches relieve pain. The present review critically evaluates the analgesic efficacy of the following therapies: placebo administration, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, intrathecal and epidural opiate injection, electrical stimulation of the brain, and psychotropic drugs.
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D059408:Pain Management; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000628:therapy; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy; D010525:Peripheral Nerves; D010640:Phenothiazines; D010919:Placebos; D012107:Research Design; D013116:Spinal Cord
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010640:Phenothiazines; D010919:Placebos