title: The tail flattening reflex in Lumbricus: reconstitution after tail amputation and modifications in segmental nerve roots.
abstract: On stimulation of the head, the caudal 20-30 segments of intact earthworms exhibit a marked dorso-ventral flattening reflex which is an element of the escape response. When the tail is removed this reflex is reconstituted gradually in segments anterior to the amputation level without regeneration of new tail segments. It takes longer to reestablish the flattening if larger parts of the body are cut off, but after 60 days p.o. all animals regained the full response independent of the number of segments amputated. Extirpation of three consecutive ganglia from the ventral nerve cord also suffices to develop flattening anterior to the operated segments, but the reaction is less pronounced and appears later than after tail amputation. Moreover, it vanishes at the same time the normal tail flattening is observed again, presumably after regeneration across the gap in the cord. In different regions of the body, area and perimeter distributions of transversely sectioned axons in the three pairs of segmental nerves (SN I-III) of the cord were measured. Characteristic changes along the length of the animal were found for SN I and SN III. In tail segments the axonal size distributions are more variable than "typical" segments. The flattening reflex is mediated by axons in SN III (Pallas and Drewes, 1981). In body segments having reconstituted behavioral characteristics of the lost tail segments, the area of the largest axons and the general size distribution in SN III approximate those found in normal tail segments.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D004924:Escape Reaction / Q000502:physiology*; D005724:Ganglia / Q000502:physiology; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D013623:Tail / Q000294:innervation*