title: Ca2+ and Mg2+-enhanced reduction of arsenazo III to its anion free radical metabolite and generation of superoxide anion by an outer mitochondrial membrane azoreductase.
abstract: At the concentrations usually employed as a Ca2+ indicator, arsenazo III underwent a one-electron reduction by rat liver mitochondria to produce an azo anion radical as demonstrated by electron-spin resonance spectroscopy. Either NADH or NADPH could serve as a source of reducing equivalents for the production of this free radical by intact rat liver mitochondria. Under aerobic conditions, addition of arsenazo III to rat liver mitochondria produced an increase in electron flow from NAD(P)H to molecular oxygen, generating superoxide anion. NAD(P)H generated from endogenous mitochondrial NAD(P)+ by intramitochondrial reactions could not be used for the NAD(P)H azoreductase reaction unless the mitochondria were solubilized by detergent or anaerobiosis. In addition, NAD(P)H azoreductase activity was higher in the crude outer mitochondrial membrane fraction than in mitoplasts and intact mitochondria. The steady-state concentration of the azo anion radical and the arsenazo III-stimulated cyanide-insensitive oxygen consumption were enhanced by calcium and magnesium, suggesting that, in addition to an enhanced azo anion radical-stabilization by complexation with the metal ions, enhanced reduction of arsenazo III also occurred. Accordingly, addition of cations to crude outer mitochondrial membrane preparations increased arsenazo III-stimulated cyanide-insensitive O2 consumption, H2O2 formation, and NAD(P)H oxidation. Antipyrylazo III was much less effective than arsenazo III in increasing superoxide anion formation by rat liver mitochondria and gave a much weaker electron spin resonance spectrum of an azo anion radical. These results provide direct evidence of an azoreductase activity associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane and of a stimulation of arsenazo III reduction by cations.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001150:Arsenazo III / Q000378:metabolism*; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002412:Cations; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000201:enzymology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008274:Magnesium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009601:Nitroreductases; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D051381:Rats; D012402:Rotenone / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D002412:Cations; D012402:Rotenone; D009243:NAD; D013481:Superoxides; D001150:Arsenazo III; D009249:NADP; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; D009601:Nitroreductases; C021106:azoreductase; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium