Pharmacodynamics and reversal of benzodiazepine-ketamine ataranalgesia.
We describe the combined use of ketamine with benzodiazepines, which produces a state of ataranalgesia. From our investigation of the combination of ketamine with three such drugs--diazepam, flunitrazepam and midazolam--we conclude that the ketamine-midazolam sequence is the best combination in terms of preservation of physiological homeostasis and recovery time. In addition, we describe the reversal of ketamine-diazepam ataranalgesia by the new cholinergic agonist, 4-aminopyridine.
D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000698:Analgesia; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003975:Diazepam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D013997:Time Factors
D000631:Aminopyridines; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D007649:Ketamine; D003975:Diazepam