title: The monoamine-containing neurons in avian brain: I. A study of the brain stem of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) by means of fluorescence and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry.
abstract: The distribution of monoamine (MA)-containing nerve cell bodies in the brain stem of the chicken (Gallus domesticus) was studied by means of paraformaldehyde and glyoxylic acid fluorescent histochemical methods. The MA neurons were further characterized morphologically and histochemically in material prepared for the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In the rostral midbrain of the chicken, two large collections of catecholamine (CA)-containing cells are found: one located in the ventromedial and the other in the dorsolateral (pedunculopontine nucleus) portions of the tegmentum. On the basis of their topographic location, CA content, and fiber connections, these ventromedial and dorsolateral cell groups can be tentatively associated with the CA-containing neuronal populations of the mammalian ventral tegmental area and pars compacta of the substantia nigra, respectively. In the caudal midbrain of the chicken, numerous CA-containing cells are intermingled with serotonin (5HT)-containing perikarya beneath as well as within the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles. At isthmus levels, abundant, closely-packed CA-containing cells are encountered along the lateral border of the central gray. These neurons, which display a very high AChE activity, appear to be equivalent to those of the mammalian locus coeruleus. A multitude of medium-sized 5HT-containing neuronal somata occurs within the raphe region of the isthmus. Some of these somata closely surround the medial longitudinal fasciculus. This 5HT-containing cell group also massively invades the lateral tegmentum, where it becomes closely intermingled with the CA-containing neurons of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus. All of these 5 HT-containing neurons display a moderate to high AChE activity. In the medulla the number of MA-containing neurons is much smaller than in the upper brain stem. Nevertheless, 5HT-containing cells are present within the raphe region, particularly in the upper two-thirds of the medulla, and CA-containing perikarya can be found along the lateral border of the medulla and within the confines of the nucleus solitarius. The findings of the present study reveal that the MA-containing neuronal systems in the avian brain stem are organized according to a pattern that is much more complex than the one disclosed in reptiles or in other nonmammalian vertebrates. This complexity arises in large part from the fact that the 5HT-containing systems undergo a prominent lateralization in birds, which leads to a close intermingling of 5HT-containing and CA-containing neuronal elements at various levels of the neuraxis.
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000201:enzymology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002645:Chickens; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009474:Neurons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013681:Tegmentum Mesencephali / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D012701:Serotonin; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase