title: Effect of long-term application of snuff and herpes simplex virus 1 on rat oral mucosa. Possible association with development of oral cancer.
abstract: In an animal model, the life-long effects of snuff administration were assessed alone and in combination with infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). It was shown that exposure to standard and alkaline snuff and to HSV-1/snuff induced mild to severe hyperplasia, hyperorthokeratosis, varying degrees of vacuolization and acanthosis in the squamous epithelium, as well as atrophic and ulcerated lesions. Ulcerations and mild dysplasia of the squamous epithelium were seen most frequently in HSV-1/snuff-exposed rats, with moderate dysplasia in the crevicular epithelium. Rats exposed to snuff or to HSV-1 and snuff had a higher incidence of tumours or tumour-like conditions than control rats. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity was found exclusively in rats exposed to snuff or to the combination of HSV-1 and snuff. Papillary squamous hyperplasia of the forestomach was found only in rats exposed to snuff or to HSV-1 and snuff in combination. The incidence of malignant tumours was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the group of rats exposed to snuff and HSV-1/snuff than in control animals.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D005260:Female; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D018139:Simplexvirus; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless
chemical_list: D009602:Nitrosamines