title: Role of exogenous and endogenous prostaglandins in steroidogenesis by isolated frog interrenal gland: evidence for dissociation in adrenocorticotropin and angiotensin action.
abstract: The role of prostaglandins (PGs) in the regulation of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid production by the frog interrenal (adrenal) gland was studied in vitro by means of continuous perifusion. No change in corticosteroid production was observed upon perifusion with PGA1 or PGA2 (up to 10(-6) M). Conversely six other primary PGs, and the prostacyclin I2 (PGI2), significantly stimulated corticosteroidogenesis: the order of potency being PGE1 greater than PGI2 greater than PGE2 greater than PGB2 greater than PGB1 greater than PGF2 alpha greater than PGF1 alpha. The ability of the PGs to stimulate corticosterone and aldosterone production indicated that PGs may contribute to corticosteroid biosynthesis and that endogenous PGs could act as mediators for certain corticosteroid-stimulating factors. The essential role of endogenous PGs for spontaneous corticosteroid biosynthesis was demonstrated by the marked inhibition of corticosterone and aldosterone production induced by indomethacin (IDM) and meclofenamic acid, two specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase which reduced significantly PG formation in the interrenal tissue. Stimulation of steroidogenesis by ACTH or cAMP was not affected by infusion of IDM or meclofenamic acid. In addition, ACTH did not modify the production of PGs by interrenal tissue. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of the angiotensin II analog [Sar1-Val5] AII, was markedly reduced in the presence of these two PG synthetase inhibitors and a direct stimulatory effect of the AII analog on PGE2 release was demonstrated. The effects of a supramaximal dose of [Sar1-Val5] AII could not be enhanced by PGE1 indicating that the corticosteroid response to angiotensin II is dependent upon endogenous PG synthesis, whereas the additivity of the stimulatory effects of PGE1 and a maximal dose of ACTH confirmed that PGs are not involved in the mechanism of action of ACTH. These results show that endogenous and exogenous PGs are implicated in corticosteroidogenesis in the frog. Since, in fish and amphibia the adrenocortical tissue is in close contact with the kidney (a major source of PGEs) these results may suggest a physiological relationship between the kidney and the interrenal gland in lower vertebrates. In addition, our results provide the first evidence that the action of angiotensin II on both corticosterone and aldosterone production may be mediated by PGs, whereas ACTH and cAMP stimulate corticosteroidogenesis through another mechanism. Thus, our data support the concept that ACTH and angiotensin II activate the early steps of corticosteroid biosynthesis via different pathways.
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000450:Aldosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003994:Bucladesine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007700:Kinetics; D008469:Meclofenamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010477:Perfusion; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D011458:Prostaglandins E / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011895:Rana ridibunda
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins; D011458:Prostaglandins E; D000804:Angiotensin II; D008469:Meclofenamic Acid; D000450:Aldosterone; C041007:angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Val(5)-; D003994:Bucladesine; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D015232:Dinoprostone; D003345:Corticosterone; D007213:Indomethacin