title: Increase in rat regional brain cyclic nucleotides by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analog DN-1417.
abstract: The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and its analog gamma-butyrolactone-gamma-carbonyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide citrate (DN-1417) on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels in rat brain were investigated using a radioimmunoassay method. The time course of elevation of these nucleotides in various brain regions after administration of DN-1417 showed a peak at 5 to 15 min followed by a gradual decrease. DN-1417 (1 to 10 mg/kg i.p.) caused a dose-related increase in cyclic AMP levels in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus and brain stem; whereas significant increases in cyclic GMP were observed in the cerebellum, nucleus accumbens and brain stem. TRH (3 to 10 mg/kg i.p.) caused significant increases of cyclic AMP in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and brain stem and also caused an increase in cerebellar cyclic GMP. With one exception, DN-1417, apomorphine (Apo), methamphetamine (MAP) (all, 3 mg/kg i.p.)- and TRH (10 mg/kg i.p.)-induced increases in cyclic nucleotides were blocked by pimozide (1 mg/kg i.p., 4 hr before), a dopamine receptor blocker; the exception was a TRH-induced increase in cerebellar cyclic GMP. These increases were not blocked by propranolol (10 mg/kg i.p., 30 min before), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT, 250 mg/kg i.p., 4 hr before), a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, almost completely blocked DN-1417- and MAP-induced increases in cyclic nucleotides, slightly blocked TRH-effects, and had no effect on Apo-effects. These in vivo results were confirmed in an in vitro system using brain slices. The addition of DN-1417 (10(-4) M) or TRH (10(-3) M) significantly enhanced the spontaneous [3H]-dopamine and [3H]-norepinephrine release from the superfused slices of the rat nucleus accumbens and cerebral cortex in vitro. The addition of DN-1417 (10(-4) M) or TRH (10(-4) M) had no effect on the activities of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase, although only a high concentration (10(-3) M) of DN-1417 inhibited the cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-hydrolytic activities in various brain region homogenates. These results suggest that DN-1417 does not produce an increase in the levels of cyclic nucleotides by direct receptor-enzyme activation, but that DN-1417 like MAP causes the increase through endogenous catecholaminergic, particularly dopaminergic activation.
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000032:analysis; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000032:analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006728:Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis*; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002395:Catecholamines; D006728:Hormones; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D013973:Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; C029762:DN 1417; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D001058:Apomorphine