title: Biochemical pharmacology of paradoxical sleep.
abstract: The role of noradrenergic cells in the regulation of paradoxical sleep is still controversial, and experimental data have given rise to contradictory interpretations. Early investigations focused primarily on chemical neurotransmissions. However, the process of information transmission between cells involves many other factors, and the cell surface is an important site for transduction of messages into modifications of the activity of postsynaptic cells. alpha-adrenoceptors are believed to play an important role in the control of wakefulness and paradoxical sleep. Experimental evidence suggests that physiological modulation of receptor sensitivity, possibly by specific neuro-modulators, may be a key mechanism in synaptic transmission. In the investigation of the mechanisms involved in paradoxical sleep regulation, lesions of the locus coeruleus have given equivocal results. Collateral inhibition, probably mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors, appears to be a powerful mechanism. The exact temporal relationship between noradrenergic cell activation and paradoxical sleep production is not established, but 5-HT appears to be involved. Differences between paradoxical sleep and waking may be related to a physiological modulation of alpha 2-adrenoceptor sensitivity.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003000:Clonidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D006892:Hydroxydopamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000502:physiology; D008560:Membrane Fluidity; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D008781:Methyltyrosines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D016627:Oxidopamine; D010883:Piperoxan / Q000494:pharmacology; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta / Q000502:physiology; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000502:physiology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019805:alpha-Methyltyrosine
chemical_list: D006892:Hydroxydopamines; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008781:Methyltyrosines; D011942:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; D011943:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D015016:Yohimbine; D012701:Serotonin; D019805:alpha-Methyltyrosine; D016627:Oxidopamine; D010883:Piperoxan; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D003000:Clonidine; D002746:Chlorpromazine; D009638:Norepinephrine