title: A simple test for enhanced guanyl nucleotide exchange in brain adenylate cyclase systems activated by neurotransmitters.
abstract: The mechanism of receptor-induced activation of adenylate cyclase has been proposed to involve an enhanced exchange of GDP for GTP. The kinetics of this process have not been investigated so far in the brain due to a spontaneous activation of the enzyme by guanyl nucleotides, which precludes the ability to follow receptor-dependent events. We show that it is possible to investigate the mechanism of receptor action in such systems by using a combination of guanosine 5'-(beta-gamma-imino)triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and guanosine 5'-(2-O-thio)diphosphate (GDP beta S). In pineal membranes, beta-adrenergic agonists increase the rate of adenylate cyclase activation by 10 or 100 microM Gpp(NH)p about 40-fold (0.023-0.9 min-1 kact) and decrease the inhibitory potency of GDP beta S nearly 1000-fold. As a result, 100 microM GDP beta S which blocks 90% of the activation by 10 microM Gpp(NH)p has no inhibitory effect in the presence of 10 microM Gpp(NH)p and 10 microM noradrenaline or isoproterenol. In caudate nucleus, dopamine does not appear to increase the rate of activation of adenylate cyclase by 10 microM Gpp(NH)p. Nevertheless, 100 microM GDP beta S blocks 90% of the activation by 10 microM Gpp(NH)p but has no inhibitory effects in the presence of dopamine. Thus, one can demonstrate that even weakly activating receptors have the capacity to facilitate a functional exchange of GDP beta S for Gpp(NH)p and measure the efficacy of the interaction between the receptor and the functionally linked guanyl nucleotide subunit.
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006150:Guanine Nucleotides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D006165:Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010870:Pineal Gland / Q000201:enzymology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013873:Thionucleotides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006150:Guanine Nucleotides; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D013873:Thionucleotides; D006153:Guanosine Diphosphate; D006165:Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate; C023427:guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate); D006160:Guanosine Triphosphate; D011433:Propranolol; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D007545:Isoproterenol