title: Cocaine potentiates ketamine-induced loss of the righting reflex and sleeping time in mice. Role of catecholamines.
abstract: Cocaine in graded doses potentiated ketamine-induced loss of the righting reflex and sleeping time. Potentiation of drug-induced sleep with cocaine was not a generalized phenomenon inasmuch as it had no effect on sleep induced by pentobarbital or hexobarbital and decreased sleep induced by phenobarbital. Pentylenetetrazole reduced ketamine sleep but d-amphetamine had a potentiative action. dl-alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester itself increased both the number losing the righting reflex and the sleeping time induced by ketamine. However, the effect cocaine on sleeping time was blocked 3 h after the dl-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester was given. The alpha and beta adrenergic blocking drugs, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol, increased the number of animals losing the righting reflex with ketamine, and phenoxybenzamine lengthened the sleeping time. Alpha and beta adrenergic agonists, l-phenylephrine and isoproterenol, increased the number of animals going to sleep with ketamine but did not significantly alter how long they would sleep. The agonists had no effect on the cocaine interaction with ketamine, whereas the antagonists blocked the effect of cocaine. Both stimulation and blockade of dopamine receptors led to increased loss of the righting reflex and sleeping time with ketamine but only receptor blockade antagonized the effect of cocaine on ketamine-induced sleep. Thus, both the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems appear to be involved in the ability of cocaine to potentiate ketamine-induced sleep.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001463:Barbiturates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000502:physiology*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D004357:Drug Synergism; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000187:drug effects*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D001463:Barbiturates; D002395:Catecholamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D007649:Ketamine; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine