title: Studies of DNA damage and cell death in embryonic limb buds induced by teratogenic exposure to cyclophosphamide.
abstract: Many teratologic investigations have shown that certain types of chemical insults to the embryo (those altering replication, transcription, and translation) can cause excessive cell death in tissues destined to become malformed. Chemical carcinogens also induce cell death in target tissues, but the critical event is believed to be heritable alteration in the DNA of surviving cells. In the present study, an attempt was made to study the interaction between cell death and DNA damage in the initiation of birth defects. The pattern of DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide was examined at time intervals before, during, and after the necrotic episode in mouse embryo limb buds. The alkaline elution assay was used to measure alkali-labile sites in single-strand DNA due to its adaptability to small tissue samples. An ip dose of 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide induced forelimb malformations in 85% of surviving mouse fetuses and 30% embryolethality when administered at 9 am on Day 11. As early as 5 hr after exposure, a slight excess of necrosis was observed in treated limbs by light microscopy, while at 24 hr, massive necrosis was evident. By 48 and 72 hr, excess necrosis was not observed in treated limbs. When alkaline elution analysis was conducted at prenecrotic (1-, and 5-hr), necrotic (24-hr), and postnecrotic (48-, and 72-hr) intervals, a trend toward increasing DNA damage in treated limbs with time was observed. The greatest differences in elution values occurred during the postnecrotic period. Although mean retention values were not significantly different, significantly increased variance was obtained in retention values of treated limbs at all time intervals other than 1 hr. This may reflect the actual in vivo situation where relatively few cells within a heterogeneous population of cells carry sublethal DNA damage into the postnecrotic period. These results suggest that not all limb bud cells affected by teratogenic exposure to cyclophosphamide die, but that some persist to the postnecrotic period carrying heritable alterations in their DNA.
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital; D008745:Methylation; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009336:Necrosis; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D004247:DNA