title: Flunarizine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.
abstract: Flunarizine is a 'selective' calcium entry blocker with a similar chemical structure and pharmacological profile to the related compound, cinnarizine. However, in contrast to cinnarizine it has a long plasma half-life and need only be given once a day. The majority of therapeutic trials in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease and vertigo of central or peripheral origin have been placebo-controlled, and have shown that the drug produces significantly greater beneficial effects than placebo as evaluated by subjective and objective criteria. A small number of comparative studies have shown flunarizine to be at least as effective as pizotifen in migraine prophylaxis, and in a longer term study as effective as cinnarizine in vertigo of central origin. However, it has not been compared with other drugs which may be useful in these areas, such as methysergide in migraine prophylaxis, some antihistamines or phenothiazines in vertigo, or (understandably at this stage of its evolution) with surgical revascularisation in severe occlusive peripheral vascular disease. In preliminary placebo-controlled studies there was some evidence that flunarizine may improve impaired cognitive function in patients with cerebrovascular disorders, but such findings need further confirmation in additional carefully conducted studies. With a very long half-life, flunarizine may be given once daily; and drowsiness, the main side effect, can be minimised by taking the daily dose in the evening. Thus, it appears that flunarizine will offer a useful alternative in some therapeutic areas that can be difficult to manage with previously available therapy. However, a definitive statement on its relative place in therapy of such conditions must await a few well-controlled comparative studies.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001769:Blood / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D002936:Cinnarizine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005444:Flunarizine; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014717:Vertigo / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D010879:Piperazines; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002936:Cinnarizine; D005444:Flunarizine