title: Regulation of gene expression in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes on collagen gels.
abstract: The studies described in this paper demonstrate rather conclusively the efficacy of the study of the regulation of gene expression in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. The utilization of these cells in completely defined medium allows one to determine the exact environmental conditions for the regulation of the expression of specific genes. In the studies described in this work, we have demonstrated that the regulation of glucokinase involved three hormones, insulin, corticosteroids, and T3. In contrast, the regulation of an enzyme involved primarily in fatty acid metabolism, ATP-citrate lyase, required only insulin and T3 for its full expression. Cyclic GMP appeared to be involved in the regulation of glucokinase, but not ATP-citrate lyase, a fact that would be extremely difficult to demonstrate clearly in vivo. The regulation of the gluconeogenic enzyme, ornithine aminotransferase, in vitro involved only a single hormone, glucagon, the inhibition of induction by corticoid steroids demonstrable in vivo being absent in cell culture. However, the repressive effect of glucose on the induction of this enzyme was quite comparable to that seen in vivo and was not mediated through cyclic AMP or insulin, based on findings in cell culture. Thus, the requirements for and the mechanisms involved in enzyme induction and repression by hormones and glucose may be much more easily studied in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes than in vivo, or even in hepatoma cell lines, where relatively few genes are expressed as compared with adult liver. In addition to the regulation of enzyme levels, the characteristics of protein secretion may be investigated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and compared with the biochemical and physiological parameters in the whole organism. This was exemplified by the study of the synthesis and secretion of alpha 2u-globulin that was secreted into the culture medium in both glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms but was maintained in the circulation in vivo, principally as the glycosylated form. Furthermore, the function of glycosylation in this particular instance may be deduced from a combination of the in vivo and in vitro approaches. The advantages of the use of primary hepatocyte cultures for the study of the regulation of gene expression in mammalian tissue has only recently been explored. Future investigations of the regulation of a variety of enzymes in these cultures as well as a study of the regulation of the synthesis of their messenger RNA are now possible and should provide an exciting system in which to understand at a molecular level the regulation of the expression of a number of genes.
mesh_terms: D001275:ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase / Q000378:metabolism; D000510:Alpha-Globulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen; D005782:Gels; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000510:Alpha-Globulins; D005782:Gels; C013803:alpha 2u globulin; D003094:Collagen; D001275:ATP Citrate (pro-S)-Lyase; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase; D005941:Glucokinase