title: The use of double staining techniques for investigating bacterial attachment to mucopolysaccharide-coated epithelial cells.
abstract: Double staining techniques were devised to study Escherichia coli attachment to mucopolysaccharide-coated urinary tract epithelial cells. In addition, vital stains were used to distinguish between viable and nonviable epithelial cells. Alcian blue was used to confirm the presence of glycosaminoglycans and periodic acid Schiff was used to distinguish a further group of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, neutral mucosubstances and glycolipids. The staining methods enabled investigations to be carried out concerning the possible importance of mucopolysaccharides in the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces. Staining techniques were also used to investigate whether the presence of a mucopolysaccharide coat is related to epithelial cell viability. The combinations of vital and mucopolysaccharide stains were found to give reproducible results when cell preparations were evaluated by three individuals. Both in vivo and in vitro certain populations of epithelial cells have been found with a large number of bacteria preferentially attached. The double staining techniques described here may help to reveal the nature of these target cells.
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000423:Alcian Blue; D004848:Epithelium / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010503:Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000166:cytology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D000423:Alcian Blue