title: The calculus of suffering in nineteenth-century surgery.
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D003657:Decision Making; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management; D010166:Palliative Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013315:Stress, Psychological