title: [Staging of testicular cancer by ultrasound and tumor markers with special respect to stage I and IIA].
abstract: In 1976, we began using ultrasound for staging of the retroperitoneal status in patients with testicular cancer. Determinations of tumor markers AFP and beta-HCG were done in all patients. Up to 1981 these investigations were followed by retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in 148 patients. Ultrasound staging had an over-all accuracy of 79% (n = 117). From 31 incorrect results of sonographic staging there were 29 falsely negative findings in the surgical-pathologic stage IIA with only minimal retroperitoneal disease. Because of this fact the sensitivity of sonographic staging was only 67%, the specificity was 98%. Differentiation between stage I and IIA proved to be very difficult. In this group (stage I and IIA; n = 104) the over-all accuracy was 71%, the sensitivity was only 40%, the specificity was 98%. Adding the results of tumor marker determinations to the sonographic findings, we got a staging error of 41.7% in the stage IIA. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and histologic analysis of the removed nodes thus remains the only reliable staging system for early nonseminomatous testicular cancer.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000032:analysis*; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000032:analysis*; D012186:Retroperitoneal Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary; D013724:Teratoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins
vernacular_title: Die Rolle der Sonographie und der Tumormarker beim Staging von Hodentumoren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Stadien I und IIA.