How do changes in diameter at the precapillary level affect cardiovascular function?
A survey is given of the various high-pressure precapillary vascular sections and of how they affect local and overall cardiovascular functions, with special emphasis put on the important "precapillary resistance vessels." The complex interactions between hemodynamic effects dependent on (a) vessel design, (b) transmural pressure, (c) "passive" wall distensibility, and (d) "active" smooth muscle responses are outlined in principle and experimentally illustrated with respect to systemic resistance control. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers on precapillary vascular functions, concerning aspects such as speed, precision, range, and differentiation of the neurogenic effects, because these fibers represent the most powerful and widespread of the vascular control mechanisms involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. How these fibers in well-innervated vascular circuits can command up to the maximum contractile capacity of both the precapillary resistance and postcapillary capacitance vessels is illustrated, as well as the way in which these sets of vessels respond to even single nerve impulses with twitchlike, rapid contractions.
D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008643:Mesentery / Q000502:physiology; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D014655:Vascular Resistance