title: Raghib's syndrome: a report of two cases.
abstract: We treated two patients with a rare developmental complex. The persistent left superior vena cava draining into the left atrium (PLSVC into LA) was associated with an absent coronary sinus and an atrial septal defect. Ligation of PLSVC and patch-repair of the atrial septal defect were successfully performed in one stage. The atrial septal defect was located in the upper and posterior aspect of the interatrial septum and appeared to be an unique type of atrial septal defect. In the other patient, additional multiple cardiac defects were associated with this syndrome, including ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid insufficiency, and complete transposition of the great arteries. Palliative Blalock procedure was used for this patient. The PLSVC into LA was discovered accidentally in both cases during heart catheterization and it was clearly demonstrated by venography. For a preoperative recognition of PLSVC, computed tomograms of the heart are of great assistance. Surgical correction of the persistent superior vena cava was emphasized for treatment of this syndrome.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000002:abnormalities; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D010166:Palliative Care; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000002:abnormalities