title: Plasma prekallikrein assay: reversible inhibition of C-1 inhibitor by chloroform and its use in measuring prekallikrein in different mammalian species.
abstract: The assay of plasma prekallikrein requires activation of prekallikrein to kallikrein and sufficient inactivation of the plasma protease inhibitors of kallikrein to accurately measure the generated kallikrein activity. One method of elimination of the plasma protease inhibitors to kallikrein is to chemically pretreat the plasma. Methylamine has previously been employed to selectively inactivate alpha 2-macroglobulin. Our study examines the effect of sequential preincubation of plasma with chloroform and methylamine on the plasma prekallikrein assay. Chloroform was demonstrated to be a chemical inhibitor of purified C-1 inhibitor, but alpha 2-macroglobulin was not. Chloroform inhibition of C-1 inhibitor was not caused by precipitation of the protein into the interface between the water and organic solvent phase. Greater than 95% of C-1 inhibitor antigen was recovered in the supernatant of chloroform-treated purified C-1 inhibitor, and chloroform-saturated buffer inhibited purified C-1 inhibitor. Chloroform did not dissociate a preformed complex of kallikrein and C-1 inhibitor, but its inhibition of C-1 inhibitor was reversible. The addition of methylamine to plasma pretreated with chloroform in the plasma prekallikrein assay allowed for only a slight increase in the amount of kallikrein measured at 1 minute kaolin activation times, but provided for sustained measurement of activated prekallikrein when kaolin activation times were 5 to 7 minutes. Without chemical pretreatment, prekallikrein was not measurable in rabbit plasma. Both rabbit and pig plasma prekallikrein was measurable after exposure of the plasma to chloroform and methylamine, although the peak activation times and the contribution of each animals' protease inhibitors varied with the species. Our results show that chloroform is a reversible inhibitor of C-1 inhibitor, and that the plasma prekallikrein assay in which it is used is useful for the measurement of prekallikrein in nonhuman mammalian plasma samples.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002725:Chloroform / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D007610:Kallikreins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008744:Methylamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011288:Prekallikrein / Q000032:analysis*; D011817:Rabbits; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D003174:Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins; D008744:Methylamines; D000511:alpha-Macroglobulins; D002725:Chloroform; D011288:Prekallikrein; C027451:methylamine; D007610:Kallikreins