title: Heart failure in the elderly.
abstract: The acute and chronic compensatory mechanisms underlying the clinical syndrome of heart failure are summarised. Problems of diagnosing heart failure and causes of heart failure, particularly in the elderly, are noted, against a framework of reference of the determinants of cardiac output. The main approaches to treating heart failure are reviewed against the same framework of reference.
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002302:Cardiac Output; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000503:physiopathology; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D004077:Digoxin