title: Depletion of glutathione in vivo as a method of improving the therapeutic ratio of misonidazole and SR 2508.
abstract: Depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) can enhance misonidazole (MISO) radiosensitizing efficacy both in vivo and in vitro. However, such treatments may also enhance the systemic toxicity in animals. The purpose of the present study was to test various ways of depleting GSH levels in a variety of experimental mouse tumors, to measure the improvement in the efficacy of MISO and its less toxic analog SR 2508 by this depletion, and to determine the effect of daily GSH depletion on the toxicity of MISO and SR 2508. GSH levels were measured daily for 5 days in tumors, livers and brains of mice injected daily with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), with or without diethylmaleate (DEM). To investigate tumor variability we studied 5 different tumors: EMT-6, RIF-1, KHT, SCC VII, and B16 melanoma. The efficacy of MISO and SR 2508 was evaluated using the KHT and SCC VII tumors either by the regrowth delay assay or by the in vivo/in vitro clonogenic assay. The drug toxicity was evaluated by weight loss and by death. Daily doses of 3 mmole/kg BSO depleted tumor levels of GSH to 20 to 40% of controls by 6 hr after each injection. Injection of DEM (300 mg/kg) 6 hr after BSO further enhanced the depletion. Administration of MISO or SR 2508 at the time of maximum GSH depletion enhanced the MISO efficacy by factors of 2.5 to 8 for depletion to 8% of controls by BSO + DEM, but no enhancement of SR 2508 was seen with tumors at 20% GSH levels achieved with BSO alone in the preliminary experiment. The chronic toxicity of MISO was enhanced not at all or by a factor of up to 2 for BSO and BSO + DEM respectively. Further studies are needed before it can be concluded that GSH depletion by BSO alone may be a useful adjunct to the clinical use of radiosensitizers.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017341:Etanidazole; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D008298:Maleates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D008920:Misonidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D009593:Nitroimidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D008298:Maleates; D009593:Nitroimidazoles; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D008717:Methionine Sulfoximine; D017341:Etanidazole; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D008920:Misonidazole; C014476:diethyl maleate; D005978:Glutathione