title: Marked radiosensitization of cells in culture to X ray by 5-chlorodeoxycytidine coadministered with tetrahydrouridine, and inhibitors of pyrimidine biosynthesis.
abstract: Our approach to overcome the problem of rapid catabolism and general toxicity encountered with 5-halogenated analogues of deoxyuridine (5-bromo, chloro or iododeoxyuridine), which has limited their use as tumor radiosensitizers, is to utilize 5-chlorodeoxycytidine (CldC) with tetrahydrouridine (H4U). We propose that CldC, coadministered with H4U, is metabolized in the following manner: CldC----CldCMP----CldUMP---- ----CldUTP----DNA. All the enzymes of this pathway are elevated in many human malignant tumors and in HEp-2 cells. In X irradiation studies with HEp-2 cells, limited to 1 or 2 radiation doses, we have obtained 3.0 to 3.8 apparent dose enhancement ratios (these represent upper limits) when cells are preincubated with inhibitors of pyrimidine biosynthesis: N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) or 5-fluorodeoxycytidine (FdC) + H4U. Optimum conditions for radiosensitization are: PALA (0.1 mg/ml) 18-20 hr prior to FdU (0.1 microM) or FdC (0.02 microM) + H4U (0.1 mM) followed 6 hr later by CldC (0.1-0.2 mM) + H4U (0.1 mM) for 56-68 hr. Viabilities of 10 +/- 4% to 15 +/- 1% (+/- S.E.) were obtained for drug-treated unirradiated cells. Enzymatic studies indicate that this toxicity may be tumor selective. CldC + H4U alone (at these concentrations) results in 20% substitution of CldU for thymidine in DNA (determined by HPLC analysis). Preliminary toxicity studies indicate that mice will tolerate treatment protocols involving a single dose of PALA (200 mg/kg) followed by a dose of FdU (50 mg/kg) and 3 cycles of CldC (500 mg/kg) + H4U (100 mg/kg) at 10 hour intervals, with marginal weight loss (4%). In this approach we seek to obtain preferential conversion of CldC to CldUTP at the tumor site by taking advantage of quantitative differences in enzyme levels between tumors and normal tissues.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005467:Floxuridine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms; D051379:Mice; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D013767:Tetrahydrouridine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014529:Uridine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D005467:Floxuridine; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D013767:Tetrahydrouridine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C035826:5-chloro-2'-deoxycytidine; C013195:sparfosic acid; D010746:Phosphonoacetic Acid; D014529:Uridine