Cutaneous reactions in head-injured patients receiving phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis.
Two types of adverse effects are caused by phenytoin, reversible dose-dependent central nervous system effects and non-dose dependent hypersensitivity effects. The most common presenting symptom of the hypersensitivity reaction is the development of a morbilliform rash. During a 45-month period, 151 head-injured patients received phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis using an 11-mg/kg i.v. and a 13-mg/kg i.m. parenteral loading dose followed by an i.m. or p.o. maintenance dose for therapeutic blood concentrations (10 to 20 micrograms/ml). The patients were followed for 18 months. The incidence of skin reaction to phenytoin was 19.4%, or 24 of 124 patients. Cutaneous reactions occurred from Day 5 through Day 91 of phenytoin therapy. Two patients had more serious reactions after the cutaneous reaction. One patient developed exfoliative dermatitis, and 1 had a pseudolymphoma type syndrome. Both recovered. Patients with cutaneous reactions had higher absolute eosinophil counts (P = 0.01). Other laboratory parameters of the white blood count and the total lymphocyte counts did not differ significantly. Patients receiving dexamethasone had a higher incidence of rash, but this did not reach statistical significance. Because recent data have not documented a seizure-prophylactic effect of phenytoin, only a head-injured patient who has experienced a first posttraumatic seizure should receive the drug.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003873:Dermatitis, Exfoliative / Q000139:chemically induced; D003875:Drug Eruptions / Q000209:etiology*; D004834:Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010672:Phenytoin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D010672:Phenytoin