title: The effects of fibrinogen and its cleavage products on the kinetics of plasminogen activation by urokinase and subsequent plasmin activity.
abstract: The effects of fibrinogen and its plasmic cleavage fragments on the activation of Glu-, Lys-, and Val442- plasminogen by urokinase were investigated. A possible explanation for the large variations in the published steady state parameters for Glu-plasminogen activation is the undetected formation of Lys-plasminogen and its subsequent more rapid activation to plasmin. When Lys-plasminogen formation was avoided, the Km for Glu-plasminogen activation by urokinase was 2.5 microM with or without lysine present and the catalytic rate constant (kcat) was 3.4 min-1 in the absence of lysine, but increased to 49.0 min-1 in its presence. For Lys-plasminogen activation, both the Km of 2.7 microM and the kcat of 57.8 min-1 were only slightly increased by lysine. With Val442-plasminogen, the absence of the first 4 kringle structures of Lys-plasminogen resulted in a 6-fold higher Km and a 3-fold higher kcat, both of which were relatively unchanged by lysine. The specificity of urokinase for Val442-plasminogen, as measured by the quotient kcat/Km was thus half that for Lys-plasminogen. Fibrinogen, Fragment D, and Fragment E enhanced the rate of activation of Glu-plasminogen to Glu-plasmin as measured by the irreversible binding of plasmin to fluorescently labeled bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Both fibrinogen and Fragment D increased the value of kcat/Km about 4-fold whereas Fragment E caused a 2-fold enhancement. In contrast to Glu-plasminogen activation, the urokinase activation of Lys-plasminogen was not affected by fibrinogen or its fragments, yet a marked inhibition of Lys-plasmin autolysis occurred in their presence, with the half-life of plasmin being increased 13-fold by fibrinogen, 5-fold by Fragment D, and 3-fold by Fragment E. The K4 kringle region may be particularly involved in the plasmin-plasmin interaction that results in autolysis, since it significantly reduced degradation when incubated with Lys-plasmin. Val442-plasmin displayed essentially no autolysis, which further implicates the first 4 kringles in the autolytic reactions. In addition to these effects, the rate of Glu-plasminogen conversion to Lys-plasminogen by plasmin was increased 4-fold by fibrinogen or Fragment E, but only 2-fold by Fragment D. This augmentation was not merely due to inhibition of Lys-plasmin autolysis since Fragment D has a greater effect in that regard. The sum of these interactions indicates that Glu-plasminogen binds to the Fragment D region of fibrinogen/fibrin through its low affinity binding site(s) and, as when lysine binds at these sites, the activation to Glu-plasmin is then accelerated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D005341:Fibrinolysin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008239:Lysine / Q000494:pharmacology; D010958:Plasminogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C015214:fibrinogen D fragment; C018543:fibrinogen fragment E; D005340:Fibrinogen; D010958:Plasminogen; D005341:Fibrinolysin; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D008239:Lysine