Theoretical analysis of chest wall mechanics.
A mathematical model of the chest wall partitioned into rib cage, diaphragmatic and abdominal components is developed consistent with published experimental observations. The model describes not only the orthodox chest wall movements (rib cage and abdomen expand together during inspiration) of the quietly breathing standing adult, but also Mueller maneuvers (inspiration against an occluded airway opening) and the paradoxical breathing patterns (rib cage contracts while abdomen expands during inspiration) observed in quadriplegia and in the newborn. The abdomen is inferred to act as a cylinder reinforced by the abdominal muscles functioning similarly to bands around a barrel. The rib cage and abdominal wall are inferred to act not as though they were directly attached to one another, but as though they were being pressed together by the skeleton. Furthermore, transabdominal pressure is visualized as acting, not across the rib cage isolated from the diaphragm, as has been suggested previously, but instead, across the combined rib cage and diaphragm acting as a deformable unit containing the lungs.
D000005:Abdomen / Q000502:physiology; D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008954:Models, Biological; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000503:physiopathology; D012119:Respiration; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012272:Ribs / Q000502:physiology; D013909:Thorax / Q000502:physiology*