title: Complications of female sterilization: immediate and delayed.
abstract: Surgical sterilization in women has changed dramatically over the past 20 years. The development of laparoscopy and minilaparotomy have made the procedure readily available even in developing countries. In the United States, changing social values and changes in hospital regulations have done as much as technology to account for the tremendous increases in the number of women undergoing sterilization. Improved sterilization procedures have resulted in lower costs for sterilization and lowered morbidity and mortality rates. Hysterectomy for sterilization alone carries unacceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Originally, laparoscopic techniques utilized unipolar cautery. However, bowel burns, a rare but serious complication, were reported, and this led to newer techniques. These techniques, using bands, clips, and bipolar cautery, have gained increasing popularity and have eliminated many of the serious complications of female sterilization. Historically, there has been concern that tubal sterilization by any method produces, in significant numbers of patients, the subsequent gynecologic and psychologic problems called "post-tubal ligation syndrome." A review of earlier literature indicates that many of these studies have serious methodologic problems, including recall bias, inappropriate control groups, failure to elicit prior history of gynecologic or psychologic problems, and failure to account for the use of oral contraceptives or IUDs. More recent large prospective epidemiologic studies that have controlled for prior gynecologic problems and contraceptive usage have failed to show increased incidence of gynecologic sequelae in large numbers of women. However, there are some data to support the concept that in certain individuals, sterilization may result in disruption of ovarian blood or nerve supply, producing gynecologic sequelae. Additional data from these ongoing large-scale studies and others should help to elucidate this problem in the future. Pregnancy after sterilization (even excluding pregnancies present at the time of the procedure) is more common the first year after the procedure with the risk decreasing in subsequent years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005831:Genital Diseases, Female / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000209:etiology; D010049:Ovarian Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000098:blood supply; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000209:etiology; D013243:Sterilization Reversal / Q000379:methods; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014659:Vasectomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data