title: Inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function by 2-cyclohexene-1-one. A role for glutathione in cell activation.
abstract: 2-cyclohexene-1-one and diethyl maleate specifically decrease reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) by direct conjugation, and by interaction with the glutathione-s-transferase system. Using these two nontoxic reagents we have examined the effect of decreased GSH levels on five parameters of PMN activation: superoxide generation, release of the lysosomal enzymes lysozyme and beta-glucuronidase, and increases in the influx of Na+ and Ca2+. When PMN pretreated with 2-cyclohexene-1-one or diethyl maleate were incubated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) or the proteolytic fragment of the fifth component membrane of complement, C5a, agents that interact with surface membrane receptors, increases in all five parameters were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. For O-2 generation and lysosomal enzyme release the ID50 for 2-CHX-1 was 40--90 micrometers corresponding with a 30--50% decrease in intracellular GHS. In contrast stimulation of treated PMN by the divalent cation ionophore A23187 or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was much less sensitive to depressed GSH; the ID50 for 2-cyclohexene-1-one was 1 mM or greater, corresponding with an 80--90% decrease in GSH. The effect of lowered GSH was not the result of decreased binding of FMLP to surface receptors because [3H]-FMLP binding studies demonstrated a two- to three-fold increase in the number of available binding sites. These data indicate that normal GSH levels are necessary for the transduction of the activation signal from the exterior to the interior of the PMN, but once initiated the activation sequence proceeds normally despite markedly lowered intracellular GSH.
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D002634:Chemotaxis, Leukocyte / Q000187:drug effects; D003182:Complement C5 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D003510:Cyclohexanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology; D008298:Maleates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009239:N-Formylmethionine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002630:Chemotactic Factors; D003182:Complement C5; D003510:Cyclohexanes; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D008298:Maleates; D009842:Oligopeptides; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D013481:Superoxides; D009239:N-Formylmethionine; C028215:2-cyclohexen-1-one; D009240:N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine; C014476:diethyl maleate; D005978:Glutathione; D002118:Calcium