title: Inotropic responses of the frog ventricle to adenosine triphosphate and related changes in endogenous cyclic nucleotides.
abstract: 1. A study has been made of a well documented but poorly understood response of the isolated frog ventricle to treatment with exogenous adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP). Measurements of membrane potential, isometric twitch tension and levels of endogenous 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides have been made at various times during the ATP-induced response. 2. ATP elicits a characteristic triphasic response, which comprises an initial, abrupt increase in contractility, rising to a maximum within a few beats (first phase); followed by a period when the twitch amplitude falls, sometimes to below the control level (second phase); and superceded by a more slowly developing and longer-lasting increase in contractile force (third phase). The response is unaffected by atropine, propranolol or phentolamine. However, the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor indomethacin depresses the first phase and entirely suppresses the third phase. 3. The inotropic effects of ATP are accompanied by changes in the shape of the action potential. These effects are dose-related. The duration of the action potential (D-30mV) and its positive overshoot (O) are increased during all phases of the response, for [ATP]o's up to 10(-5) M. However, at higher [ATP]o's, D-30mV and O ar both reduced during the second phase (but not the first or third phase), when isometric twitch tension is also depressed. The relationship between action potential duration and twitch tension (P) for different [ATP]o's is linear for all three phases of the response, but the slopes of the curves (delta P/delta D) are markedly different, indicating that the sensitivity of the contractile system to membrane depolarization is not constant, but varies continuously throughout the response. 4. ATP has a potent stimulatory effect on the metabolism of endogenous 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides. The time courses of the changes in adenosine 3','5-cyclic monophosphate (3',5'-cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (3',5'-cyclic GMP) are complex, but the accompanying change in isometric twitch tension is paralleled closely by corresponding changes in the ratio 3',5'cyclic AMP:3',5'-cyclic GMP. 5. It is concluded that ATP exerts a dual effect on the ventricle and that the contractile response is regulated by changes in the metabolism of 3',5'-cyclic nucleotides. The effects of indomethacin indicate a possible involvement of prostaglandins in mediating the ATP response. It is suggested that the initial effect of ATP on the ventricle is to increase the permeability of the fibres to Ca2+. 6. The relationship between 3',5' cyclic nucleotide levels and ventricular contractility is discussed. It is postulated that the antagonistic effects of 3',5'-cyclic AMP and 3',5'-cyclic GMP are expressed at the level of certain phosphoproteins which regulate both the availability of Ca2+ and the sensitivity of the contractile proteins to Ca2+.
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D011896:Rana temporaria; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP