title: Candidiasis in captive cetaceans.
abstract: Disseminated Candida albicans infections were found or suspected in 4 captive cetaceans. Ketoconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, BID, administered orally for 18 days, followed by 8 biweekly oral doses of levamisole hydrochloride at the rate of 9 mg/kg, resulted in regression of clinical signs of candidiasis in an adult male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A higher dosage of ketoconazole (6 mg/kg, BID) was effective in eliminating the shedding of C albicans from an adult male belukha whale (Delphinapterus leucas). A juvenile female harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) treated with nystatin died with disseminated candidiasis, as did a juvenile male longfinned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) treated with nystatin and levamisole. Three other adult bottlenose dolphins, a juvenile female belukha whale, and a female Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) kept in the same water system never had evidence of candidiasis. A 5th bottlenose dolphin (an adult female) was culture-positive on 1 occasion, but never had signs of the disease.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D002591:Cetacea; D005260:Female; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007654:Ketoconazole; D007978:Levamisole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D010879:Piperazines; D007978:Levamisole; D007654:Ketoconazole