title: Illumination dependent hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor outer segment membrane (role of calcium, cyclic GMP and calmodulin).
abstract: Calmodulin has been isolated from the outer segment of toad (Bufo marinus) photoreceptors. Bioelectric processes have been recorded from the same preparation during various experimental conditions. The results led to the conclusion that during illumination the rotation of the chemoreceptors opens the Ca channels, and free Ca is versed into the intermembrane space of the outer segment. Changes of this free Ca concentrations depend on fast influx and slower removal (mainly dependent on Ca binding on calmodulin and back-diffusion into the disc membrane). The changes of the free Ca concentrations generate the changing hyperpolarization, a Ca-dependent process of first phases of encoding the photic stimulus. The effectiveness of Ca to generate the oscillating hyperpolarization depends on optimum state of bioelectric potentials. This potential seems to be regulated by the effective decrease of cGMP concentrations by the increased activity of the cGMP phosphodiesterase during illumination (a sudden and gross regulation). A finer regulation is exerted by Ca during its release and removal (e.g., Ca-dependent decrease of Na channels, decreased release of cGMP by Ca-dependent inhibition of guanylate cyclase activity and increased phosphodiesterase activity by both free Ca and Ca-bound calmodulin).
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002024:Bufo marinus; D002118:Calcium / Q000502:physiology*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000502:physiology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000502:physiology*; D003623:Dark Adaptation; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000528:radiation effects; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010786:Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism; D012374:Rod Cell Outer Segment / Q000502:physiology*; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D002147:Calmodulin; D012243:Rhodopsin; D012964:Sodium; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium