Recent advances in the biochemistry and physiology of the insulin-like growth factor/somatomedin family.
The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) or somatomedins (Sm) are a family of low molecular weight circulating growth factors which have a major, but not absolute, dependence on GH, and have been shown to stimulate body growth and skeletal metabolism in vivo. They are thus considered to mediate the effects of GH on skeletal growth. In humans, the family consists of two well-characterized forms--IGF-I or SmC (a basic peptide) and IGF-II (a "neutral" peptide)--as well as perhaps two less well characterized forms--SmA (a neutral peptide) and an acidic insulin-like activity (ILA pI 4.8). Similar IGF/Sm species have been found and well-characterized in rat serum. Some higher mol wt forms also exist in tissues and body fluids and may represent possible precursor forms. On the basis of in vitro, clinical and in vivo evidence it has been postulated that IGF-I is the primary growth factor in the adult, whilst IGF-II is probably a major foetal growth factor. In vitro the IGF/Sms have a variety of effects including (1) acute insulin-like metabolic actions, which are observed primarily in insulin target tissues and are initiated largely at insulin receptors, and (2) longer term effects, associated with cell growth and skeletal tissue metabolism, and which occur in traditionally non-insulin target tissues, primarily via IGF/Sm receptors. These observations, together with the circumstantial clinical evidence favouring a close association between IGF levels and growth status, clearly indicate a role for IGF/Sms in growth regulation. This concept is now fully supported by the demonstration that IGF-I infused into hypophysectomized (GH-deficient) rats results in increased growth and skeletal metabolism. The physiological regulation of the expression of net IGF activity in vivo is complex and is controlled by the following three determinants: the levels of IGFs, the levels of the specific carrier-proteins and the levels of IGF inhibitors. Both IGFs and their carrier-proteins are influenced by the GH status of the animal as well as by other hormones, nutritional status and chronic illness. Little is known yet about the control of the various IGF inhibitors that have been described. Of importance, however, is the general concept that normal growth is dependent on an adequate balance between all three determinants and that some regard must be had for the contribution of each in determining the overall potential for growth under given circumstances.
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000502:physiology; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D008954:Models, Biological; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D013002:Somatomedins / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
D007328:Insulin; D007329:Insulin Antagonists; D010455:Peptides; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D013002:Somatomedins