title: Oxidation of glutathione by the superoxide radical to the disulfide and the sulfonate yielding singlet oxygen.
abstract: The reaction of superoxide with reduced glutathione (GSH) was studied with two O-.2-producing systems: xanthine oxidase using xanthine or acetaldehyde as substrates, and secondly, quinol autoxidation. The capability of GSH to quench superoxide radicals was detected by lowered O-.2-mediated cytochrome c3+ reduction. The formation of the oxidation products, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathione sulfonate (the latter at levels of about 6-15% compared to GSSG), was dependent on the O-.2 production and was inhibited by superoxide dismutase. The presence of GSH together with an O-.2-producing system led to an extra uptake of oxygen, which was also depressed by superoxide dismutase. The observed O2 uptake was accounted for by the formation of GSSG and GSO-3 from GSH; the data are in accordance with a mechanism involving thiyl radicals. Low-level chemiluminescence measurement indicated the formation of excited oxygen species. The intensity of photoemission was dependent on the GSH concentration and on the O-.2 production rate. Chemiluminescence was inhibited by superoxide dismutase and also by glutathione peroxidase, but not by catalase or OH. quenchers. Spectral analysis and the effects of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and sodium azide indicated the contribution of singlet molecular oxygen to the light emission. It is suggested that singlet oxygen results from an intermediate oxygen addition product such as a glutathione peroxysulphenyl radical.
mesh_terms: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005609:Free Radicals; D005978:Glutathione / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013481:Superoxides; D014969:Xanthine Oxidase
chemical_list: D003574:Cytochrome c Group; D005609:Free Radicals; D013481:Superoxides; C040136:glutathione sulfonate; C040137:2-methyl-3-glutathionyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; C017165:cytochrome c(3); D014969:Xanthine Oxidase; D005978:Glutathione; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide