title: Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate and related adenylylated nucleotides in Salmonella typhimurium.
abstract: Salmonella typhimurium LT2 rapidly accumulates high levels of a family of five adenylylated nucleotides following exposure to a bacteriostatic quinone, 6-amino-7-chloro-5,8-dioxoquinoline. These compounds have been analyzed using our recently described two-dimensional thin layer chromatographic method. The five dinucleotides, which cannot be detected in exponentially growing cells, have been identified as diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (AppppA), ApppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate-5'-adenosine-5'-(P1,P3-triphosphate)), AppppG (adenosine 5'-guanosine-5'-(P1,P4-tetraphosphate)), ApppG (adenosine 5'-guanosine-5'-(P1,P3-triphosphate)), and ApppA (diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate). AppppA has been previously detected in vitro as an enzymatic product of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and in vivo at submicromolar levels in eucaryotic cells. The induced intracellular concentration of AppppA and the other adenylylated nucleotides in S. typhimurium is approximately 100-fold higher than that found in eucaryotic cells. We propose that these dinucleotides are alarmones, regulatory molecules signaling a particular metabolic stress.
mesh_terms: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides / Q000032:analysis*; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000032:analysis*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000227:Adenine Nucleotides; D015226:Dinucleoside Phosphates; D009711:Nucleotides; C020733:diadenosine tetraphosphate; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases