title: A rapid and simple method for the quantitative determination of tolerance development to opiates in the guinea-pig ileum in vitro.
abstract: The rate and degree of tolerance development of morphine, normorphine and methadone were assessed in vitro on the guinea-pig ileum. After the half-maximal concentration to inhibit electrically induced contractions (IC50) for each compound was determined, tolerance to a fixed concentration representing 0.5, 1 or 2 times its IC50 was induced by incubation at 37 degrees C for 1, 2 or 4 hr. The IC50 was then redetermined and the ratio of the IC50 after and before incubation provided a quantitative index of the degree of tolerance development to each agonist. For any given concentration or time, morphine induced the highest, whereas normorphine the intermediate and methadone the lowest degree of tolerance. Tolerance to opiates was associated with some degree of physical dependence as evidenced by the fact that the application of naloxone at the end of each experiment elicited a muscular contraction. Specificity of tolerance development to opiates was demonstrated by several experiments. Coincubation of morphine with naloxone under the same conditions resulted in an inhibition of tolerance development. The stereospecificity of the process was demonstrated by the fact that levorphanol and I-methadone induced a high degree of tolerance, whereas, under the same conditions the less active d-isomers, dextrorphan and d-methadone, did not. Moreover, subsensitivity to acetylcholine, norepinephrine and adenosine monophosphate did not develop in the presence of tolerance to morphine. The validity of this method for investigating mechanisms involved in tolerance and physical dependence was further demonstrated by obtaining data compatible with earlier experiments in vivo that cyclic AMP enhances tolerance development and cycloheximide inhibits this phenomenon. The present method should facilitate studies on the mechanisms involved in opiate tolerance and physical dependence development.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D007082:Ileum / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008722:Methods; D008954:Models, Biological; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
chemical_list: D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D009270:Naloxone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D008691:Methadone; D009638:Norepinephrine; C010616:normorphine