title: Hypothalamic monoamine control of stress-induced adrenocorticotropin release in the rat.
abstract: Despite evidence that ACTH release after stress is under excitatory hypothalamic control, a stimulatory role for any of the monoamine neurotransmitters is yet to be clearly demonstrated. In the present investigation computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to assess the neuronal activities of hypothalamic dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) in rats after stress-induced ACTH release. Medial basal hypothalamic NE neuronal activity as assessed by the ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG) to NE. (DHPG/NE) was elevated (P less than 0.0005) within 2 min after a 3-min cold water swim stress. Ether stress also caused a marked elevation in NE activity (P less than 0.0025). A highly significant positive correlation between the ratio of hypothalamic DHPG/NE and serum corticosterone was found over a large population of normal and stressed rats. Consistent with this relationship between hypothalamic NE neuronal activity and ACTH release being a causal one were the findings that 1) adrenalectomized rats exhibited markedly elevated hypothalamic DHPG/NE ratio and serum ACTH (both P less than 0.0005) together with serum corticosterone levels reduced to about 3% of control levels (P less than 0.0005), and 2) the administration to rats of the alpha-blocker yohimbine or the antianxiety agent diazepam resulted in significant changes in hypothalamic NE activity, together with parallel changes in ACTH secretion. In hypothyroid rats, which have elevated hypothalamic 5-HT activity, and in normal gentled rats, stress caused a significant reduction in hypothalamic 5-HT activity. High hypothalamic activity of dopamine or 5-HT in hypothyroid rats did not significantly affect basal ACTH levels nor prevent the responses to either cold water swim or ether stress, and both stresses resulted in elevated hypothalamic DHPG/NE, serum ACTH, and serum corticosterone (all P less than 0.005) in these animals. From these data it is concluded that NE is an excitatory hypothalamic monoamine for ACTH release in stress and that hypothalamic 5-HT activity is reduced after stress.
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003975:Diazepam / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000378:metabolism*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015016:Yohimbine; D012701:Serotonin; D008734:Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003975:Diazepam; C010117:3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol; D004298:Dopamine; D003345:Corticosterone; D009638:Norepinephrine