title: [Recent knowledge on the biochemistry and function of insulin and the effects of insufficient secretion and activity of the hormone].
abstract: The insulin receptors consist of a binding component and an affinity regulator. The binding of the insulin molecules to the receptors of the hepatocytes leads to an activation of a protease in the membrane, by which means glycopeptides are splitted off from glycoproteins: these act as mediators and activate phosphatases. In various enzymes the dephosphorylation leads to an increase of activity. By mediation of the insulin mediators the insulin bound to the cell membrane may also influence the mitochondria and cytoblasts. A main effect of the insulin consists in furthering the transport of glucose transport molecules from the interior of the cells into the membranes, by which means the intake of glucose is temporarily much increased. In an insulin-depending diabetes mellitus there are often inflammatory processes in the islets of the pancreas and antibodies against proteins of the B-cells in the blood plasma. The disadvantage in diabetes is mainly evoked by the hyperglycaemia--by increase of glycosylation of proteins--as well as by the increase of the content of lipoproteins of very low and low density in the blood plasma.
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D011384:Proinsulin / Q000097:blood; D011972:Receptor, Insulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D005934:Glucagon; D011384:Proinsulin; D011972:Receptor, Insulin
vernacular_title: Neuere Erkenntnisse zur Biochemie und Funktion des Insulins und zu den Auswirkungen einer ungenügenden Sekretion bzw. Wirksamkeit des Hormons.