title: A unique and essential role for insulin in the phenotypic expression of rat mammary epithelial cells unrelated to its function in cell maintenance.
abstract: Mammary explants from pregnant rats can be induced in regard to casein synthesis and alpha-lactalbumin activity when cultured in the presence of hydrocortisone, prolactin and levels of insulin approaching physiological concentrations. No detectable induction occurs in the absence of insulin. Although epidermal growth factor and multiplication stimulating activity, in the presence of hydrocortisone, can maintain the initial level of NADH-cytochrome c reductase as well as insulin, neither can substitute effectively for insulin in the induction of the milk proteins. Proinsulin, nerve growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor are also ineffective substitutes for insulin in this regard. Whereas prolonged tissue exposure to multiplication stimulating activity, hydrocortisone and prolactin does not result in induction of alpha-lactalbumin activity, subsequent addition of insulin leads to prompt response. The results suggest that the ability of insulin to function as a unique, essential factor in the induction of rat milk proteins is independent of its cell-maintenance activity. Thus, in addition to its well established functions in metabolic processes, insulin appears to play a vital role in certain developmental processes.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000235:genetics*; D004848:Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006133:Growth Substances / Q000494:pharmacology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D007768:Lactalbumin / Q000235:genetics*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010641:Phenotype; D011247:Pregnancy; D011388:Prolactin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D006133:Growth Substances; D007328:Insulin; D011388:Prolactin; D007768:Lactalbumin; D006854:Hydrocortisone