title: The pituitary-adrenocortical system is not involved in the sex difference in passive avoidance.
abstract: The hypothesis that sex differences in passive avoidance are related to the sex difference in the pituitary-adrenocortical system was studied. A high dose of dexamethasone (500 microg/kg body weight) was injected in male and female rats in order to suppress the activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. Dexamethasone treated animals and controls were tested for retention of passive avoidance at one of 4 different intervals after punishment. The percentage of females re-entering the compartment in which they were previously shocked was significantly higher than the percentage of males, after a retention interval of 60 minutes, but not after an interval of 0 minutes or 15 minutes (Experiment 1). Dexamethasone did not affect this pattern of sex differences. The same sex difference was found after an interval of 24 hours (Experiment 2), and again dexamethasone had no effect on it. However, in males a state-dependent effect of dexamethasone treatment was found in Experiment 2 when animals were given two injections of either dexamethasone or saline, one before the learning trial and one before the retention trial. Within the groups of males given two different injections (Dex-Sal and Sal-Dex) a higher percentage re-entered the shock compartment, when compared with the groups of males given the same injection twice (Sal-Sal and Dex-Dex).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) A sex difference in passive avoidance apparently occurs after a certain interval during which the animals are not disturbed. (2) This sex difference does not depend on the integrity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. (3) State-dependency was observed in males only, indicating that changes in the pituitary-adrenocortical system, as a consequence of dexamethasone treatment, may have a more important stimulus value in males.
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D004597:Electroshock; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000502:physiology*; D011678:Punishment; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D003907:Dexamethasone; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone