title: The induction of forward gene mutation and gene conversion in yeasts by treatment with cyclophosphamide in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The present paper assesses the most suitable conditions for metabolic activation with yeasts in vitro, at least as far as cyclophosphamide (Cy) is concerned. These include treatment time, incubation temperature, the amounts of S9 and cofactors. Particular attention is devoted to the use of various solvents, showing that their use can considerably affect the mutagenic response of the chemical being tested. It also examines the effects of enzyme inducers (by using S9 from rats and mice) such as phenobarbital (PB) and 5,6-benzoflavone (BF) administered separately or together. The metabolizing capability of other organs such as the lungs and kidneys is also determined. All these data are compared with Cy genotoxicity (in vivo) evaluated by the intrasanguineous host-mediated assay and by recovering the yeast target cells from the liver, lung and kidneys. The most striking effects are that, in vitro, PB greatly enhances Cy genotoxicity, whilst in vivo it substantially reduces it.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005785:Gene Conversion; D005800:Genes, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008861:Microsomes / Q000378:metabolism; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D009154:Mutation; D009928:Organ Specificity; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D003520:Cyclophosphamide