title: In vitro transformation assays for chemical carcinogens.
abstract: A variety of in vitro mammalian cell assays, designed specifically for the identification of carcinogenic compounds, have been in operation for more than a decade. Although no individual transformation system has won universal acceptance during this time, recent advances have led to the improved reliability and sensitivity of a number of these short-term tests. The underlying problems associated with the most widely used assays are identified and new developments in this rapidly expanding field are noted and discussed.
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002999:Clone Cells; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D006224:Cricetinae; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D004260:DNA Repair; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney; D051379:Mice; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009154:Mutation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA