title: Update on calcium-channel blocking agents.
abstract: The pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of three calcium-channel blocking agents--verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem--are reviewed. Verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem are absorbed well after oral dosing, but absolute bioavailability of each is reduced substantially by a first-pass effect. Each drug is metabolized extensively (verapamil and diltiazem to moderately active metabolites) by the liver. A substantial percentage of each drug is bound to plasma proteins, but the binding is of clinical importance only for nifedipine (92--98% protein bound). Intravenous verapamil has become the agent of first choice for treatment of acute paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT); use of chronic oral verapamil therapy for prophylaxis remains controversial. Verapamil and diltiazem have been evaluated with mixed results for atrial flutter and fibrillation. For treatment of myocardial ischemia, calcium-channel blockers may be of some value (possibly in combination with nitrates of B blockers). All three agents have been studied in patients with exertional angina with good results. Calcium-channel blockers appear to be equal with nitrates for treatment of variant angina. Patients with hypertropic cardiomyopathy have been treated with verapamil and nifedipine with promising results. Nifedipine has been effective for treatment of essential hypertension. Adverse effects of calcium-channel blockers have been relatively minor or infrequent. Diltiazem overall has the best side-effect profile, with adverse effects causing discontinuation of therapy in about 2--10% of patients; verapamil in intermediate (8--10%) and nifedipine the worst (17%) in this respect. The most common side effects generally are fatigue, headache, dizziness, skin rash, and peripheral edema. While they generally should be reserved for patients in whom more conventional therapy has failed (except those with PSVT), calcium-channel blockers appear to have a valid role as reserve agents for exertional and variant angina, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension.
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000788:Angina Pectoris, Variant / Q000188:drug therapy; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D007223:Infant; D007700:Kinetics; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000188:drug therapy; D014700:Verapamil / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014700:Verapamil; D004110:Diltiazem; D009543:Nifedipine