title: Biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity.
abstract: The increasing environmental and occupational exposure of populations to cadmium creates the need for biological indicators of cadmium exposure and toxicity. The advantages and disadvantages of monitoring blood cadmium, urinary, fecal, hair, and tissue cadmium, serum creatinine, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin and other proteins, and urinary amino acids, enzymes, total proteins, glucose, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, lysozyme, and metallothionein are discussed. It is concluded that urinary cadmium, metallothionein and beta 2-microglobulin may be used together to assess cadmium exposure and toxicity.
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D001822:Body Burden; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004796:Clinical Enzyme Tests; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005243:Feces / Q000032:analysis; D006029:Glycosuria / Q000652:urine; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000652:urine; D009113:Muramidase / Q000652:urine; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins / Q000652:urine; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001798:Blood Proteins; D012177:Retinol-Binding Proteins; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium; D008668:Metallothionein; D003404:Creatinine; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D009113:Muramidase