title: Direct pathway from cardiovascular neurons in the ventrolateral medulla to the region of the intermediolateral nucleus of the upper thoracic cord: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the cat.
abstract: Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and single unit recording experiments were done in cats to identify neurons in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) projecting directly to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) of the thoracic cord and relaying cardiovascular afferent information from the buffer nerves and hypothalamus. In the first series, HRP was allowed to diffuse from a micropipette into the region of the IML at the level of T2. After a survival period of 30-138 h, transverse and horizontal sections of the brainstem were processed according to the tetramethyl benzidine method. Labeled neurons were found in the VLM 1-5 mm rostral to the obex, bilaterally, but with an ipsilateral predominance. The majority were observed in sections 2-4 mm rostral to the obex, clustered in an area lateral to the inferior olivary nucleus around the intramedullary rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve. Additional labeled neurons were found scattered along the ventral surface of the medulla; most of these neurons were oval in shape, 15-30 micron in diameter, and had dendritic processes which lay parallel to the ventral surface. In the second series, the region of the VLM shown to contain labeled neurons was systematically explored for single units antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the IML in chloralosed, paralyzed and artificially ventilated animals. These antidromically identified units were then tested for their responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus (CSN) and aortic depressor (ADN) nerves, and the paraventricular nucleus (PVH). Ninety-four single units in the VLM were antidromically activated with latencies corresponding to a mean conduction velocity of 19.1 +/- 1.5 m/s. Of these units 52% (49/94) were orthodromically excited by stimulation of buffer nerves; 12 by stimulation of the CSN only (mean latency, 16.0 +/- 3.6 ms), 5 by stimulation of the ADN only (mean latency, 9.5 +/- 2.0 ms), 7 by both buffer nerves, and the remaining 25 units responded to at least one of the buffer nerves and to PVH. Stimulation of PVH excited orthodromically 42 of the 94 units (45%), of which 17 responded only to stimulation of PVH (mean latency, 17.9 +/- 3.5 ms). These experiments provide anatomical and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of a direct cardiovascular pathway from the VLM to the region of the IML and suggest that neurons in the VLM are involved in the integration of cardiovascular afferent inputs from buffer nerves and the hypothalamus to provide an excitatory input to vasoconstrictor neurons in the IML.
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D002415:Cats; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004594:Electrophysiology; D005260:Female; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008526:Medulla Oblongata / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D009475:Neurons, Afferent / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*