title: Clinical and immunologic studies of HLA-DR typed insulin-dependent diabetics--a mini-review.
abstract: There is strong association between insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes and the HLA DR3 and/or DR4 factors. Also, evidence has been accumulated that an immune response gene associated to the DR3 region may be a denominator for the development of an endocrine autoimmunity. It is particularly the late onset type I diabetes that belongs to the so-called "primary" autoimmune variety and also shows an increased tendency for the development of other autoimmune disorders. HLA DR 3 and/or HLA DR 4 associated mechanisms seem to influence a variety of clinical and immunologic findings in type I diabetes. Basically, this concept is supported by findings on seasonal variations in diabetes manifestation, on viral antibodies, on anti-insulin antibody formation, and on the natural course of endogenous insulin secretion in relation to HLA haptotypes . There are, however, conflicting data concerning islet cell antibodies, circulating immune complexes, and the incidence of diabetic microangiopathy in relation to the HLA-system. Many of these findings may be explained on the basis of an HLA heterogeneity. But this does not necessarily point to an etiological genetic heterogeneity of type I diabetes.
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000906:Antibodies / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001323:Autoantibodies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D010641:Phenotype; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D001323:Autoantibodies; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006684:HLA-DR Antigens; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D007328:Insulin; C024211:islet cell antibody