title: Mutagen formation in browning model systems.
abstract: A browning model system, consisting of diacetyl and ammonia, produced frameshift and base-pair substitution mutagens when the system was heated over 20 min and 120 min, respectively. The major product was 2,4,5- trimethylimidazole , which showed no mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 with or without metabolic activation. When furfural was reacted with nitrate under mild conditions (for 30 min to 3 h at 0-25 degrees C and pH 2-7), it did not produce mutagenic nitrofuran derivatives. However, the ethyl ether extract obtained from the reaction mixture of furfural and nitrate with hydrochloric acid exhibited strong mutagenic activities toward S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 in the presence of metabolic activation. The major product of this reaction mixture, 4- nitrofurfural , exhibited no mutagenicity toward tester strains TA98 and TA100 with or without metabolic activation. Pure active mutagen(s) was (were) not, however, identified in either system.
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia; D000818:Animals; D003931:Diacetyl / Q000633:toxicity; D005503:Food Additives / Q000633:toxicity; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008954:Models, Biological; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000633:toxicity; D009581:Nitrofurans / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D051381:Rats; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D007093:Imidazoles; D009153:Mutagens; D009581:Nitrofurans; C041684:4-nitrofurfural; D000641:Ammonia; C041683:2,4,5-trimethylimidazole; D005662:Furaldehyde; D003931:Diacetyl