title: Visualization and analysis of right heart blood flow patterns by contrast echocardiography.
abstract: The clinical utility of visualization of blood flow patterns across the tricuspid valve (TV) and pulmonary valve (PV) by M-mode contrast echocardiography was studied in 38 patients with documented valvular or congenital heart disease and in 15 controls. Diastolic turbulence was observed in the TV outflow side in three patients with tricuspid stenosis. Turbulent flow was also detected during systole in patients with septal defects (atrial septal defect in four patients and ventricular septal defect in one patient) in the right ventricular outflow tract and in three atrial septal defect patients also in the inflow tract, presumably because of increased volume of flow. Tricuspid regurgitation (11 patients) was characterized by retrograde laminar jet throughout systole, while in pulmonary regurgitation (six patients) retrograde flow was initially laminar although later on it might become turbulent. In pulmonary hypertension (29 patients) antegrade flow occurred approximately to mid-systole and then was interrupted by retrograde laminar flow which contributed to the mid-systolic closure of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary regurgitation in some cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  contrast echocardiography is a useful technique to analyse right heart blood flow patterns and may aid the diagnosis of various right heart abnormalities.
mesh_terms: D002216:Captopril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis; D012212:Rheology; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis; D014264:Tricuspid Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D002216:Captopril