title: The effects of ionizing radiation, microwaves, and ultrasound on the developing embryo: clinical interpretations and applications of the data.
abstract: The term "radiation" evokes emotional responses both from lay individuals and from professionals. Many spokespersons are unfamiliar with radiation biology or the quantitative nature of the risks. Frequently, microwave, ultrasound, and ionizing radiation risks are confused. Although it is impossible to prove no risk for any environmental hazard, it appears that exposure to microwave radiation below the maximal permissible levels present no measurable risk to the embryo. Ultrasound exposure from diagnostic ultrasonographic imaging equipment also is quite innocuous. It is true that continued surveillance and research into potential risks of these low-level exposures should continue, but at present ultrasound not only improves obstetric care but also reduces the necessity of diagnostic x-ray procedure. In the field of ionizing radiation, we have as good a comprehension of the biologic effects and the quantitative maximum risks as of any other environmental hazard. Although the animal and human data support the conclusion that no increases in the incidence of gross congenital malformations, intrauterine growth retardation, or abortion will occur with exposures below 5 rad, that does not mean that there are definitely no risks to the embryo exposed to lower doses of radiation. Whether there exists a linear or exponential dose-response relationship or a threshold exposure for genetic, carcinogenic, cell-depleting, and life-shortening effects has not been determined. In establishing maximum permissible levels for the embryo at low exposures, we use the information in Tables 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, and 14. It is obvious that the risks of 1-rad or 5-rad acute exposure are far below the spontaneous risks of the developing embryo, since 15% of human embryos abort, 2.7%-3.0% of human embryos have major malformations, 4% have intrauterine growth retardation, and 8%-10% have early- or late-onset genetic disease. The maximum risk attributed to a 1-rad exposure, approximately 0.003%, is thousands of times smaller than the spontaneous risks of malformations, abortion, or genetic disease (see Table 10). Thus, the present maximum permissible occupational exposures of 0.5 rem for pregnant women and 5 rem for medical exposure are extremely conservative. Medically indicated diagnostic roentgenograms are appropriate for pregnant women, and there is no medical justification for terminating a pregnancy in women exposed to 5 rad or less because of a radiation exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
mesh_terms: D000016:Abnormalities, Radiation-Induced; D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000209:etiology; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000209:etiology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000528:radiation effects; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D009689:Nuclear Warfare; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011831:Radiation Genetics; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000009:adverse effects*